Dielectric universal

J. C. Burfoot and G. W. Taylor. Polar Dielectrics. University of California, Berkeley, 1979. 

Arora, S., Development of dielectric elastomer based protot)fpe fiber actuator. Masters thesis submitted to North Carolina State University, July 2005. 

Kofod, G., Dielectric elastomer actuator, Ph.D thesis submitted to Technical University of Denmark, Sept. 2001. 

Also, I would like to pay tribute to my former co-workers, especially those in the field of titration in non-aqueous media Dr. H. B. van der Heijde, Dr. N. van Meurs and Dr. M. Bos, of whom the last mentioned also deserves my additional appreciation not only for his work on electroanalysis in solvents of relatively low dielectric constants, but also for his development of automated and computerized methods of electroanalysis. Some other investigators, such as Dr. H. Donche (State University of Ghent, Belgium) and Dr. B. H. van der Schoot (Twente University of Technology, The Netherlands), most obligingly provided me with details of their recent work even before it had been published. My sincere thanks are also due to Mr. A. A. Deetman for his literature research on automation of electroanalysis and to his employers AKZO Zout Chemie, Hengelo, The Netherlands, for their kind permission to carry out this task. Further, I am indebted to many firms and their representatives in The... 

J. J. O Dwyer, The Theory of Electrical Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics, Oxford University Press, London, 1973. 

The general or universal effects in intermolecular interactions are determined by the electronic polarizability of solvent (refraction index n0) and the molecular polarity (which results from the reorientation of solvent dipoles in solution) described by dielectric constant z. These parameters describe collective effects in solvate s shell. In contrast, specific interactions are produced by one or few neighboring molecules, and are determined by the specific chemical properties of both the solute and the solvent. Specific effects can be due to hydrogen bonding, preferential solvation, acid-base chemistry, or charge transfer interactions. 

Budd, K. D. 1986. Structure evolution in sol-gel derived lead titanate-based materials, and application to the processing of thin dielectric layers. PhD dissertation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 

Yariv, A., Universal relations for coupling of optical power between microresonators and dielectric waveguides, Electron. Lett. 2000, 36, 321 322... 

DR. JOHN BRAUMAN (Stanford University) I have a question about the empirical correlations for quantities like charge transfer band energies versus parameters such as the Kosower Z-value. There is a very large literature of that type and there are many, many good correlations for a variety of parameters. You obtain straight lines with your simple dielectric continuum model. It seems to me, however, that one ought to be able to derive these types of relationships directly from the model. And it doesn t seem to be very helpful to say that these relationships are simply empirical and, therefore, not worth the attention. What you want to do is derive the equations and see whether they, in fact, all reduce to the same terms. 

This behaviour is one example of a wide range of phenomena which are manifestations of Jonscher s Universal Law of Dielectric Response (Jonscher, 1977, 1983). 

It is noteworthy that the neutron work in the merging region, which demonstrated the statistical independence of a- and j8-relaxations, also opened a new approach for a better understanding of results from dielectric spectroscopy on polymers. For the dielectric response such an approach was in fact proposed by G. Wilhams a long time ago [200] and only recently has been quantitatively tested [133,201-203]. As for the density fluctuations that are seen by the neutrons, it is assumed that the polarization is partially relaxed via local motions, which conform to the jS-relaxation. While the dipoles are participating in these motions, they are surrounded by temporary local environments. The decaying from these local environments is what we call the a-process. This causes the subsequent total relaxation of the polarization. Note that as the atoms in the density fluctuations, all dipoles participate at the same time in both relaxation processes. An important success of this attempt was its application to PB dielectric results [133] allowing the isolation of the a-relaxation contribution from that of the j0-processes in the dielectric response. Only in this way could the universality of the a-process be proven for dielectric results - the deduced temperature dependence of the timescale for the a-relaxation follows that observed for the structural relaxation (dynamic structure factor at Q ax) and also for the timescale associated with the viscosity (see Fig. 4.8). This feature remains masked if one identifies the main peak of the dielectric susceptibility with the a-relaxation. 

Whitehead, S. Dielectric Breakdown ofSohds, Oxford University Press Oxford, UK, 1953. 

Raicu, V. 1999. Dielectric dispersion of biological matter Model combining Debye-type and universal responses. Phys. Rev. E 60 4667-80. 

The parameter is obtained by relating the static dielectric constant to Eg and taking in such crystals to be proportional to a - where a is the lattice constant. Phillips parameters for a few crystals are listed in Table 1.4. Phillips has shown that all crystals with a/ below the critical value of0.785 possess the tetrahedral diamond (or wurtzite) structure when f > 0.785, six-fold coordination (rocksalt structure) is favoured. Pauling s ionicity scale also makes such structural predictions, but Phillips scale is more universal. Accordingly, MgS (f = 0.786) shows a borderline behaviour. Cohesive energies of tetrahedrally coordinated semiconductors have been calculated making use... 

Alcohols exhibit a bifunctional nature in aqueous solution. On the one hand, there exists a hydrophobic hydrocarbon group which resists aqueous solvation on the other, there is the hydrophilic hydroxyl group which interacts intimately with the water molecules. Franks and Ives (30, 31) have reviewed experimentation and theoretical treatises on the structure of water, the structure of liquid alcohols, and the thermodynamic, spectroscopic, dielectric, and solvent properties and P-V-T relationships of alcohol-water mixtures. Sada et al. (27) reviewed, in particular, the salt effects of electrolytes in alcohol-water systems and discussed the various correlations of the salt effect applied to these systems. Inorganic salts were used almost universally in these salt effect studies. 

All calculations described above were performed with the help of IBM 370-165 computer at Southwest Missouri State University. The authors are indebted to R. G. Bates for providing the facility for measurements of the dielectric constants in his laboratory, as well as to A. Chatterjee and J. J. Gibbons for their comments and constructive criticisms of this paper. 

The universal interaction is due to the collective influence of the solvent a dielectric medium and depends on the dielectric constant D and the ctive index n of the solvent. Reasonably large environmental pertur-fions may be caused by van der Waals dipolar or ionic fields in solution,... 

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