Reaction dictionary

Names of chemical reactions have mostly been excluded, being adequately defined in standard chemical texts and in the special chemical dictionaries listed below. There is remarkably little overlap between reaction names and process names discoverers of chemical reactions seldom develop them into manufacturing processes. However, some generic process names which combine two or more reactions (e.g. oxychlorination, dehydrocy-clodimerization) have been included because they are not generally to be found in any dictionaries. These hybrid names are distinguished by being given lower-case initial letters. 

Meaningful codes may or may not be needed for modem dictionaries. For example, the new Adverse Drag Reactions On-Line Information Tracking (ADROIT) dictionaries do not use meaningful codes, but rely on linkage of related terms and effective text processing. Where codes are considered necessary, they should be as short as possible (Westland, 1991). Whenever a system is used for AEs from the literature, spontaneous reports, clinical trials or a combination of these, the needs of the users of the system will influence the selection of the dictionary. 

The Meteor system contains a dictionary of approximately 200 general reaction types. The reasoning engine contains two types of rules [28] ... 

The META system (291-293) is an expert system, based on well-established sources, for predicting the sites of potential enzymatic attack and the metabolites formed by metabolic transformations. The program uses dictionaries of biotransformation operators, which are created by experts to represent known metabolic paths. Currently, META can be combined with one of the following dictionaries mammalian metabolism, aerobic biodegradation, anaerobic biodegradation, and metabolic transformation reactions (291). 

Edit and others "The Condensed Chemical Dictionary , Re inhold, NY (1961), p 246 (Chain reactions) 28)E.Teli, JChemPhys 36, 901-03 (1962) (On the speed of reaction at high pressure) 29)Encycl of Expls, PATR 2700, Vol 2(1962), p C146-L (chain reactions) 30)Yu.N.Denisov Ya.K.Troshin, "On the Mechanism of Detonative Combustion , 8th SympCombstn (1962), pp 600-10 31)A.M.Gri shin D-M.Todes, DoklAkad N 151 (2), 366-68 (1963) CA 59, 12585 (1963) (Thermal expln with heat transfer by conversion and conduction)... 

Hackh s(1944) HACSIR Hayes(1938) Ugly Heuser(1944) Hickinbottom( 1948) Hackh s Chemical Dictionary," Blackiston, Philadelphia 1944) Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research(Canada) T.J.Hayes, "Elements of Ordnance, Wiley, NY(1938) Helvetica Chimica Acta(Basel,Switzerland) E.Heuser,"The Chemistry of Cellulose Wiley,NY( 1944) W.J.Hickinbottom,"Reaction of Organic Compounds ,Longmans-Green, London(1948)... 

According to one dictionary definition, the term biodegrade means "to reduce to a lower organic type". As used by us in this text, to be biodegraded means that organic molecules are broken apart by normal reaction pathways present in the environment to smaller molecules that can be assimilated into the environment without harm to the environment. 

To amplify is defined in dictionaries as to increase or to enlarge. Its meaning is not so different from multiplication, which is defined as the action of increasing the number or the amount of things belonging to the same species. 3 The term asymmetric amplification (or amplification of chirality) has been used in the literature in various ways (for some examples see Refs. 5-8), usually to describe processes giving rise to an increase in the amount of enantioenriched material, or to the enhancement of enantiomeric excess (or enantiomeric ratio),9 or to a combination of the both. Here we will consider that there is an amplification of chirality when a reaction provides a compound with an enantiomeric excess higher than expected. The convenient but less precise expression asymmetric amplification is now widely used and will also be used in this chapter.12... 

The program is reported to carry out simple Hiickel molecular orbital calculations to determine the relative sensitivity of aromatic carbon atoms to oxidation and the relative stability of keto and enol tautomers. Klopman et al. (1999) have reported that for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, adequate reactivity is an essential but not sufficient condition for enzyme catalyzed reaction. The accessibility of the reactive site (i.e., the absence of steric hindrance) was also found to be important. Genetic algorithms have been used to optimize the performance of the biotransformation dictionary by treating the initial priority scores set by expert assessment as adjustable parameters (Klopman et al., 1997). 

The FDA creates a list of preferred terms to be used to describe specific adverse drug reactions. By January 1989, the year before these memos were written, FDA s dictionary, called COSTART, clearly specified that suicide attempts should be listed as suicide attempts (available on http //www.breggin.com). But regardless of the FDA dictionary, Eli Lilly was clearly trying to hide suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts under more obscure categories. 

There is also a separate expert system for the combination with MultiCASE, which predicts the possible metabolites, formed of a compound. This system is known as META, which was developed to identify molecular sites susceptible to metabolic transformation. The metabolism dictionary associated with META is able to recognize 663 enzyme-catalyzed reaction rules, which have been categorized into 29 enzyme-reaction classes and 286 spontaneous reactions (Klopman and Rosenkranz 1994). 

The change of the cell voltage as a function of the cell temperature (temperature coefficient) dEf fdT = -0.83xl0-4 VK 1 and the relationship between the standard reaction entropy and the standard free enthalpy of reaction (3AG /3T)p = -AS the value for the cell reaction can be calculated as -AS = -16.02 J K-1 mol-1. Refs. [i] Bockris JO M, Reddy AKN, Gamboa-Aldeco M (2000) Modern electrochemistry, vol 2A. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 1356 [ii] Holze R (1989) Leitfaden der Elektrochemie. Teubner, Stuttgart [iii] Handel S (1971) A dictionary of electronics. Penguin Books, London [iv] Rieger PH (1994) Electrochemistry. Chapman-Hall, New York, p 2... 

Double displacement reactions are also called metathesis reactions. The word "metathesis" (pronounced with the stress on the second syllable meh-TATH-e-sis) means "interchange." In chemistry, a metathesis reaction occurs when ions or atoms are exchanged between different compounds. Chemists are not the only people who use this word. Use a dictionary or encyclopedia to find nonchemistry examples of metathesis. 

It is both a pleasure and a privilege to have been invited to write the Foreword to a book of such importance as Dr. Comyns dictionary of named processes in the chemical industry. For many years, chemists have had access to books with titles like Named Reactions in Organic Chemistry. Here the busy student or researcher can discover immediately the nature of the Wurtz reaction, the Cannizzaro reaction, and such curiosities as the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. Until the first edition of the present book appeared in 1993, no such literary assistance was available to the multitudes who labored in the chemical industry. Six years later, a second edition took into account the many novelties that had appeared in that short period. Now a third edition is expanded still further, particularly by inclusion of many biological processes that industry now uses. 

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