Combustion detonation and

YaJB. Zel dovich et al, "Kurs Teorii Goreniya Detonatsii i Vzryva (Course in the Theory of Combustion, Detonation and Explosion), Mos-kovskii Mekhanicheskii Institut, 2 Vols (1947)... 

A. F. Belyaev, "Gorenie, Detonatsiya i Rabota Vzryva Kondensirovannykh Sistem (Combustion, Detonation, and Operation of Explosions in Condensed Systems),... 

Aslanov, S. K., and O. S. Golinskii. 1989. Energy of an asymptotically equivalent point detonation for the detonation of a charge of finite volume in an ideal gas. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, pp. 801-808. 

Although the status of many 3D codes makes it possible to carry out detailed scenario calculations, further work is needed. This is particularly so for 1) development and verification of the porosity/distributed resistance model for explosion propagation in high density obstacle fields 2) improvement of the turbulent combustion model, and 3) development of a model for deflagration to detonation transition. More data are needed to enable verification of the model in high density geometries. This is particularly needed for onshore process plant geometries. 

Detonation explosions are similar to combustion explosions and are exothermic reactions that proceed into the unreacted material at a velocity much greater than the speed of sound in an unreacted material and are accompanied by a flame front shock wave in the material followed closely by a combustion wave that releases the energy and sustains the shock wave at extremely high pressure [39] [40]. In hydrocarbons, the velocity can reach 6,000-9,000 ft/sec. 

A flame trap is employed where premixed air and gas is used in combustion equipment and prevents the flame passing upstream into the pipe system. Flame traps should be situated as near as possible to the gas burner. This is so that the flame does not have a long pipe mn in which it might accelerate to such a speed as to form a detonation wave and make the trap useless. 

A discussion with 14 refs on expls and proplnts considering the thermodynamic characteristics of expl substances, the kinetics of combustion of powders and the effects of catalysts, corrosion, and instability on the kinetics, the occurrence of deflagration on detonation, and forms of solid mixts in view of the augmentation of their performance and the extension of conditions used in their mixts. The importance of modern methods of calcn is stressed... 

The chronology of the most remarkable contributions to combustion in the early stages of its development is as follows. In 1815, Sir Humphry Davy developed the miner s safety lamp. In 1826, Michael Faraday gave a series of lectures and wrote The Chemical History of Candle. In 1855, Robert Bunsen developed his premixed gas burner and measured flame temperatures and flame speed. Francois-Ernest Mallard and Emile Le Chatelier studied flame propagation and proposed the first flame structure theory in 1883. At the same time, the first evidence of detonation was discovered in 1879-1881 by Marcellin Berthelot and Paul Vieille this was immediately confirmed in 1881 by Mallard and Le Chatelier. In 1899-1905, David Chapman and Emile Jouguet developed the theory of deflagration and detonation and calculated the speed of detonation. In 1900, Paul Vieille provided the physical explanation of detonation... 

Quasi-detonation—flame propagates with the velocity between the sound speed in the combustion products and CJ value... 

Numerical simulation of a spirming detonation in Hj/air mixture in a circular tube at various times. Gray and green space isosurfaces in pressure are the detonation front and the pressure of 6 MPa. White arrow propagating direction of the detonation front, pink arrow rotating direction of the transverse detonation. TD—transverse detonation, and LT—long pressure trail. (Reprinted from Tsuboi, N., Eto, K., and Hayashi, A.K., Combust. Flame, 149,144,2007. With permission.)... 

The mixtures of sodium with phosphorus, phosphoryl trichloride or with phosphorus pentachloride combust spontaneously and/or detonate. There is an instantaneous ignition when powdered aluminium is mixed with trichloride or phosphorus pentachloride. 

It reacts violently when it is heated with aluminium. It causes hydrogen sulphide to combust. It decomposes hydroxylamine chiorohydrate, hydrogen peroxide (detonation) and potassium azide violently. 

A mixture of ethanol and acetic anhydride detonated and the compounds combusted causing a fire when sodium hydrogensulphate was introduced into the mixture by mistake. The acid nature of this salt obviously catalysed this alcoholysis. 

Annikov, V. E. et al., Chem. Abs., 1983, 99, 73190 MRH Acetone 4.89/18, ethanol 4.73/18, ethylene glycol 4.35/26 The detonation and combustion limits of mixtures of sodium perchlorate, water and ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 2,3-butylene glycol, formamide, dimethylformamide, ethanolamine, diaminoethane, acetone, urea and galactose have been studied. 

Figure 6-13 shows the physical differences between a detonation and a deflagration for a combustion reaction that occurs in the gas phase in the open. For a detonation the reaction front moves at a speed greater than the speed of sound. A shock front is found a short distance in front of the reaction front. The reaction front provides the energy for the shock front and continues to drive it at sonic or greater speeds. 

Here, we concentrate on the gas pressures developed for high explosive detonations within vented and unvented enclosures, and these explosives plus nearby combustible materials. There is a voluminous literature on pressures and the effects of venting for confined explosions with only combustible gases and dusts in air, but that topic seems outside the scope of this book, and is not discussed here. 

Lewis, B. und Elbe, G. von Combustion, Flames and Explosives of Gases, 3. Aufl., Academic Press, Orlando, Florida 1987 Energetic Materials New Synthesis Routes, Ignition, Propagation and Stability of Detonation, Hrsg. Field, J.E. und Gray, R, The Royal Society, London 1992... 

Scientific studies of detonation phenomena date back to the end of the nineteenth century and persist as an active field of investigation. A wealth of literature has developed over this period consequently, no detailed reference list will be presented. For details and extensive references the reader should refer to books on detonation phenomena [4], Williams book on combustion [5], and the review by Lee [6],... 

Kuhl, A. L., R. E. Ferguson, K. Y. Chien, J. P. Collins, and A. K. Oppenheim. 1995. Gasdynamic model of turbulent combustion in an explosion. Combustion, Detonation, Shock Waves. Zel davich Memorial Proceedings. Eds. A. G. Merzhanov and... 

Since pj < p2 for a detonation and pj > p2 for a deflagration, the flow field becomes 0 < Up < Ui for detonation, and Up < 0 for deflagration. In the case of detonation, the velocity of the combustion products is less than the detonation wave velocity. In the case of deflagration, the combustion products are expelled in the opposite direction to the deflagration wave. 

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