Diarrhetic shellfish toxins

Figure 6. Fluorometric HPLC of diarrhetic shellfish toxins A, AM (9-anthrylmethyl) esters of constituents which have a carboxylic acid column, Develosil ODS (Nomura Chem.) solvents, CH3CN-CH3OH-H2O (8 1 1) monitor ex. 365, em. 412 nm and B, AN (anthroyl) esters of PTXl and PTX4 column and solvents were the same as those in A monitor x. 365, em. 465.

Hamano, Y, Kinoshita, Y., and Yasumoto, T. 1986. Enteropathogenicity of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in intestinal models. 

Lee, J.-S., Igarashi, T, Fraga, S., Dahl, E., Hovgaard, R, and Yasumoto, T. 1989. Determination of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in various dinoflagellate species. JApp/fftyco/1, 147-152. 

Leira, E, Alvarez, C., Cabado, A.G., Vieites, J.M., Vieytes, M.R., and Botana, L.M. 2003. Development of a F actin-based live-cell fluorimetric microplate assay for diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Ana/Bioc/jem 317, 129-135. 

Sasaki, K. 1993. Structural Elucidation and Preparation of Useful Derivatives of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins. MSc thesis. Tohuku University, Japan. 

Pleasence, S., Quilliam, M.A., DE Freitas, A.S.W., Marr, J.C., and Cembella, A.D. 1990. Ion-spray mass spectrometry of marine toxins. II. Analysis of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in plankton by liquid chromatography/mass specfi omefiy. Rapi Commun Mass Spectrom 4,206-213. 

Boland, M.P., Smillie, Chen, D.Z.X. and Holmes, C.F.B. 1993. A unified bioscreen for the detection of diarrhetic shellfish toxins and microcystins in marine and freshwater enviromnents. Toxicon 31 1393-1405. 

Luu, H.A., Chen, D.F.X., Magoon, J., Worms, J., Smith, J., Holmes, C.F.B. (1993). Quantification of diarrhetic shellfish toxins and identification of novel protein phosphatase inhibitors in marine phytoplanktons and mussels. Toxicon 31 75-83. 

Yanagi, T., Mnrata, M., Torigoe, K., and Yasumoto, T. Biological activities of semisynthetic analogs of dinophysistoxin-3, the major diarrhetic shellfish toxin. Agric. Biol. Chem., 53(2), 525-529, 1989. 

H Fujiki, M Suganuma, H Suguri, S Yoshizawa, K Takagi, T Sassa, N Uda, K Wakamatsu, K Yamada, T Yasumoto, Y Kato, N Fusetani, K Hashimoto, T Sugimura. Diarrhetic shellfish toxin, dinophysis-toxin-1, is a potent tumor promoter on mouse skin. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 79 1089-1093, 1988. 

T Yasumoto, M Murata, Y Oshima, M Sano, GK Matsumoto, 1 Clardy. Diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Tetrahedron A 1019-1025, 1985. 

EP Carmody, K James, S Kellt, K Thomas.Complex diarrhetic shellfish toxin profiles in Irish Mussels. In P Lassus, G Arzul, LE Erard, E Denn, P Gentien, and C MarcaiUou Lebaut, eds. Harmful Marine Algal Blooms. Paris Lavoisier Science Pub, 1995, pp. 273-278. 

A serious challenge to MBA (both for PSTs and diarrhetic shellfish toxins, DSTs) has come from the Bundesinstitut fuer Risikoverwertung (BfR, Germany). In a position paper, BfR claims that the MBA is not suitable as a method of reference for DSTs, as stated in the European Commission Decision 2002/225/EC of March 15, 2002. This decision set rules regarding the maximum levels and the methods of analysis of marine biotoxins in bivalve molluscs, echinoderms, tunicates, and... 

Bauder, A. G., CembeUa, A. D., and QuiUiam, M. A. (1996) Dynamics of diarrhetic shellfish toxins from the dinoflageUate. Prorocentrum lima, in the bay scallop, Argopecten irraddians. In Harmful... 

Hohnes, C.F. et al.. Inhibition of protein phosphatases-1 and -2A with acanthifolicin. Comparison with diarrhetic shellfish toxins and identification of a region on okadaic acid important for phosphatase inhibition, FEES Lett, 270, 216, 1990. 

Yasumoto, T., Diarrhetic shellfish toxin and okadaic acid, Jikken Igaku, 8, 1243, 1990. 

Berven, G. et al.. Effects of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin, okadaic acid, on cytoskeletal elements, viability and functionality of rat liver and intestinal cells, Toxicon, 39, 349, 2001. 

Yasumoto, T. et al., Diarrhetic shellfish toxins, in Seafood Toxins, Ragelis, E.P., Editor, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1984, 207. 

Lee, J.S. et al., Pluorometric determination of diarrhetic shellfish toxins by high-performance liquid... 

Holmes, M.J., Teo, S.L.M., and Khoo, H.W., Persistent low concentrations of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in green mussels Pema viridis from the Johor Strait, Singapore first record of diarrhetic shellfish toxins from South-East Asia, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Sen, 181, 257,1999. 

Zhou, J. and Fritz, L., Okadaic acid antibody localizes to chloroplasts in the DSP-toxin producing dinoflagellates Prorocentrum lima and Prorocentrum maculosum, Phycologia, 33, 455, 1994. Cembella, A.D., Occurrence of okadaic acid, a major diarrhetic shellfish toxin, in natural populations of Dinophysis spp. from the eastern of North America, J. Appl. Phycol, 1, 307, 1989. 

Jackson, A.E., Marr, J.C., and McLachlan, J.L., The production of diarrhetic shellfish toxins by an isolate of Prorocentrum lima from Nova Scotia, Canada, in Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea, Smayda, T.J. and Shimizu, Y, Eds., Elsevier Science, New York, 1993, 513. 

YTXs often coexist with diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSP) but their effects are different. YTX did not induce diarrhea or intestinal fluid accumulation in adult mice after i.p. or oral administration [3,4]. DSP toxins are specific and potent inhibitors of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases PPl and PP2A. These enzymes play a critical role in phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes within eukaryotic cells. YTX also inhibited phosphatases but with a very low potency, lower than four orders of magnitude than DSP toxins [3]. In addition, the cytotoxicity of both toxin groups was compared and YTX was less toxic, by three orders of magnitude [3]. Therefore, it was concluded that YTX mechanism of action was not mediated by these enzymes inhibition. 

Lee J.-S. et al. Diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Norwegian mussels, Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 54, 1953, 1988. 

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