Diamond electrochemical characterization

Ramesham, R. and Rose, M. F. (1997), Electrochemical characterization of doped and undoped CVD diamond deposited by microwave plasma. Diam. Relat. Mater., 6(1) 17-27. 

Overall, this chapter will feature about the preparation, most important electrochemical characterization, and application of advanced carbon materials used in SPE electrochemical devices [e.g., graphite, boron-doped diamond, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon black. 

Tsunozaki, K., Einaga, Y., Rao, T.N. and Fujishima, A. (2002) Fabrication and electrochemical characterization of boron-doped diamond microdisc array electrodes. Chem. Lett., 5, 502. 

Fischer, A. E., Lowe, M. A. and Swain, G. M. (2007) Preparation and electrochemical characterization of carbon paper modified with a layer of boron-doped nanocrystaUine diamond, J. Electrochem. Soc. 154, K61-K67. 

Below we give an overview of electrochemical behavior of synthetic diamond films and discuss some applications of electrochemical methods to their characterization. We attempt to predict prospects for this new area of electrochemistry. When touching fundamentals of the electrochemistry of semiconductors, we refer to the monograph [6] for details. 

One may expect that future work on the electrochemistry of diamond should take two paths, namely, an extensive investigation (search for new processes and applications of the carbon allotropes in the electrochemical science and engineering) and intensive one (elucidation of the reaction mechanisms, revealing the effects of crystal structure and semiconductor properties on the electrochemical behavior of diamond and related materials). It is expected that better insight into these effects will result in the development of standard procedures for thin-film-electrodes growth, their characterization, and surface preparation. 

The overview by Pleskov covers the literature on electrochemical behavior of synthetic diamond films, as well as the use of electrochemical methods in their characterization. The rapid advancement of the field of diamond electrochemistry was triggered by progress in the technology of deposition of polycrystalline diamond thin films on diamond and other substrates. Advances around the world have by now led to formation of a self-consistent, but as yet incomplete, view of electrochemical behavior of diamond. While discrepancies and scatter between data from different research groups still exist, the rapid advance in film quality and in reliable methods of evaluation point to a promising future. 

This section summarizes some of the most significant electrochemical results obtained to date for selected electrodes cleaned and characterized under UHV in PEO-lithium-based solutions, and include nonalloy (Ni)- and alloy-forming metals (Ag and Al), a noninteracting substrate (boron-doped diamond, BDD) and a material capable of intercalating Li+ (graphite). It is expected that the information herein contained will serve to illustrate the power of this methodology for the study of highly reactive interfaces. 

The electrochemical properties of Ir02 and RUO2 nanoparticles, deposited on synthetic boron-doped diamond (BDD) surfaces, are discussed. After a description of the preparation procedure and the morphological characterization of BDD/Ir02 and BDD/RUO2 samples, the dispersion efficiency of these oxides on BDD was estimated for different loading, using cyclic voltammetry. 

Highly boron-doped diamond films, which have been widely studied in electrochemistry, can be grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and are electrically conductive. Different electrochemical properties of boron-doped diamond films have been studied, such as reactivity [133] and electronic structure [134]. Different characterization techniques have been used to study the electrochemistry of diamond, such as scanning electron microscopy [123, 135] and Raman spectroscopy [125,136]. 

Many of the electrochemical properties synonymous with the use of BDD result from the sp nature of the electrode surface, the more NDC (sp ) present the more the properties will change. From Section 5.1.2, it is clear that growth of BDD does not always result in NDC-free diamond, especially when working with thin-film MC, NC, or UNC BDD. In this section, the key properties and characterization techniques are reviewed. 

Scialdone O, Galia A (2011) Modeling of electrochemical process for water treatment using diamond films. In Brillas E, Martmez-Huitle CA (eds) Synthetic diamond films - preparation, electrochemistry, characterization and applications. Wiley-VCH, New York,... 

Palmas S, Polcaro AM, Vacca A, Mascia M, Eerrara F (2007) Characterization of boron doped diamond during oxidation processes relationship between electronic structure and electrochemical activity. J Appl Electrochem 37(l) 63-70... 

Fischer, A.E. and Swain, G.M. (2005) Preparation and characterization of boron-doped diamond powder a possible dimensionally stable electrocatalyst support material. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 152 (9), B369-B375. 

In the last part of this chapter, our attention will be focused on the electrochemical properties of individual crystal faces of HTHP diamond single crystals, as well as single-crystal (homoepitaxial) CVD diamond films. Our preliminary studies showed that the HTHP single crystals, on the whole, are similar to the CVD polycrystalline films in terms of their electrode behavior. In particular, both the polycrystalline thin-film electrodes and the HTHP single crystal electrodes are equally characterized by the special type of frequency-dependent capacitance described by the CPE. 

Several papers recently addressed the importance of studying the relationship existing between the basic macroscopic electrochemical properties of boron-doped diamond electrodes and their characterization at the microscopic level, in order to understand which factors influence the electrochemical reactivity [4, 5]. It was found that the boron doping level in the diamond and the presence of graphitic impurities play a major role in the basic... 

In this chapter, the electrochemical character of surface oxidized diamond electrode is described. Then, the introduction of new functionalities and characterization of surface oxygen-... 

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