Diagnostic criteria

Diagnosis is based on clinical features. Biopsy and histologic examination maybe useful when clinical appearance is not typical. 

Solar lentigo of the hands treated with 25% TCA. b Solar lentigo after 4 days of peeling, dryness and hyperpigmentation 

Pierard GE, Pierard-Franchimont C, Laso Dosal F et al (1991) Pigmentary changes in skin senescence. J Appl Cosmetol 9 63-67 

Dooley TP (1997) Topical skin depigmentation agents current products and discovery of novel inhibitor of melanogenesis. J Dermatol Treat 8  

Ghersetich I, Brazzini B, Lotti T (2003) Chemical peeling. In Katsambas AD, Lotti TM (eds) European handbook of dermatological treatments, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 599-612 

Zouboulis CC, Rosenberger AD, Adler Y, Orfanos CE (1999) Treatment of solar lentigo with cryosurgery. Acta Derm Venereol 79(6) 489-490 

ELECTRON TRANSFER, BOND BREAKING, AND BOND FORMATION 

---

Retrieval by two or more limiting parameters. By retrieving data with limits on several parameters, the data can be evaluated and will be even further reduced. Diagnostic criteria can then be developed. 

This equilibrium is of importance in providing diagnostic criteria for the mechanism of the h.e.r., since the rate of permeation of hydrogen through a thin iron membrane can provide information on the coverage of the surface with adsorbed hydrogen. 

Diagnostic criteria (3r /01og/ and dr)/d ogJ slopes, and J against/(/) relationships) for the various mechanisms of the h.e.r. for Langmuir and Temkin adsorption have been derived and tabulated by McBreen and Genshaw . 

Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E Research Diagnostic Criteria rationale and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35 773—782, 1978... 

Table 6-4. DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for hallucinogen persisting perception disorder...

Diagnostic criteria for inhalant use disorders in DSM-IV-TR are similar to those in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) (World Health Organization 1992). These criteria include biological, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions. The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of inhalant dependence is given when three or more of the seven criteria are present (see Table 8-2). The first criteria to be considered here are tolerance and withdrawal. These phenomena are considered to be forms of adaptation to chronic administration of these compounds and were discussed extensively earlier in this chapter. 

The latest consensus on the definition and management [1] of anaphylaxis agrees on the lack of imiversally accepted diagnostic criteria and reliable laboratory biomarkers to confirm the clinical impression. Sometimes it is not feasible to obtain the samples within the optimum time frame. Moreover, in spite of a correct collection of samples, histamine and/or tryptase are within normal levels. Hence, new markers should be explored and further research into the role of selected mediators is urgently needed. Recently however, studies from animal models have shown promising results. In this chapter we will seek to review our current knowledge on confirmed or putative markers for the in vitro diagnosis of anaphylaxis. 

The anxiety disorders are a case in point. They comprise a range of conditions contiguous with the affective disorders and the stress responses (Table 4.1). Much overlap and comorbidity exist. Furthermore, definitions and diagnostic criteria have changed substantially over the years. For example, generalized anxiety disorder is a rare condition in its pure form, but a common condition if comorbid phobic and depressive disorders are accepted. 

Generalized anxiety disorder has been relatively neglected from the point of view of both health economics and pharmacoeconomics. The changing diagnostic criteria have made it difficult to compare data over time, leading researchers to focus on the more clearly defined disorders such as panic and obsessions. Drug treatment has been dominated by the benzodiazepines, usually available genetically and cheaply. However, as the final section of this chapter will show, all this is in flux. 

The diagnostic criteria for, and general features of, disorders in which anxiety is a prominent component are described in detail in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV, 4th edition (1994)) and are regarded as either phobias or anxiety states ... 

Recognize the symptoms and diagnostic criteria of ischemic heart disease in a specific patient. 

MS diagnostic criteria were revised in 2001 and are known as the McDonald criteria (Fig. 26-2).18-20 MS diagnosis requires that plaques be disseminated in time and space. Previously, diagnosis relied heavily on clinical examination. The McDonald criteria allow the clinician to use the clinical exam in combination with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) data to make a diagnosis sooner, and thus begin treatment earlier (Table 26-1). 

McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001 50 121-127. 

TABLE 32-3. Diagnostic Criteria for Alzheimer s Disease Based on DSM-IV-TR... 

---