Development Incentives

As described below, state scrap tire laws may include (1) funding sources (2) mandates to clean up tire dumps (3) scrap tire management procedures including stockpile, processor, and hauler regulations (4) market development incentives and (5) regulations regarding landfilling of tires. 

Since their introduction in 1996-1997, regional placement offices have been subject to more or less constant scrutiny and evaluation. Their performance in terms of their capacity to reduce unemployment lines has been monitored throughout their existence, and the information thus collected used to develop incentive systems that are supposed to improve their overall efficiency. 

The employment crisis of the 1990s, the first experienced in post-war Switzerland, turned out to be the catalyst of a major reorientation of the Swiss welfare state. While in the past its main aim was to guarantee a reasonable income to those who for various reasons were unable to work, today social policy increasingly aims at putting people (back) into the labour market. First in unemployment insurance, then in invalidity insurance and in social assistance, we have seen a clear development incentives are being redrawn and new tools are being adopted with the overall aim of promoting labour market participation. 

Develop incentives for hospitals to be ambulance-receiving hospitals, to stockpile nerve-agent antidotes and selected antitoxins and put... 

The increase in the oil-change interval has already been a strong incentive for improving lubricant formulations. The increase in engine operating temperatures and the development of catalytic converters are without doubt two orientations that will have consequences on lubricant additives. 

The objective of any exploration venture is to find new volumes of hydrocarbons at a low cost and in a short period of time. Exploration budgets are in direct competition with acquisition opportunities. If a company spends more money finding oil than it would have had to spend buying the equivalent amount in the market place there is little Incentive to continue exploration. Conversely, a company which manages to find new reserves at low cost has a significant competitive edge since it can afford more exploration, find and develop reservoirs more profitably, and can target and develop smaller prospects. 

The choice of contract type will depend upon the type of work, and the level of control which the oil company wishes to maintain. There is a current trend for the oil company to consider the contractor as a partner in the project (partnering arrangements), and to work closely with the contractor at all stages of the project development. The objective of this closer involvement of the contractor is to provide a common incentive for the contractor and the oil company to improve quality, efficiency, safety, and most importantly to reduce cost. This type of contract usually contains a significant element of sharing risk and reward of the project. 

The large amount of fluorine values released from phosphate rock in the manufacture of fertilisers (qv) gives a strong impetus to develop fluorine chemicals production from this source (see Phosphoric acid and the phosphates). Additional incentive comes from the need to control the emission of fluorine-containing gases. Most of the fluorine values are scmbbed out as fluorosiUcic acid, H2SiPg, which has limited useflilness. A procedure to convert fluorosihcic acid to calcium fluoride is available (61). 

Another factor is the potential economic benefit that may be realized due to possible future environmental regulations from utilizing both waste and virgin biomass as energy resources. Carbon taxes imposed on the use of fossil fuels in the United States to help reduce undesirable automobile and power plant emissions to the atmosphere would provide additional economic incentives to stimulate development of new biomass energy systems. Certain tax credits and subsidies are already available for commercial use of specific types of biomass energy systems (93). 

Many firms are finding areas such as Ireland, Scotland, Spain, and southern Italy, where unemployment rates are relatively high and governments offer property tax exemptions, grants toward capital investment, low interest loans, and other incentives, attractive from those standpoints. Some of these areas have developed a good infrastmcture based on businesses already attracted to the area. 

Acid modifiers have been used to a limited extent to reduce acid consumption in the H2SO4 alkylation process (27). Increased catalyst costs will encourage the further development and appHcation of such acid modification techniques in the future. In addition, the development of new technology, such as two-step alkylation, may be accelerated based on the incentive to reduce catalyst consumption and increase product octane (28). 

The high cost of cobalt metal has led to substitution such that alloys containing low or no cobalt are produced where possible. Because the cost of cobalt compounds in specialty appHcations is usually much less significant than in alloys, there is less incentive to develop alternatives. 

Potential tax incentives. In an effort to promote pollution prevention, taxes may eventually need to be levied to encourage waste generators to consider reduction programs. Conversely, tax breaks could be developed for corporations that utilize pollution-prevention methods to foster pollution prevention. 

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