Developing countries implementation

Estimates of urban NOx emissions and trends are generally limited to those provided by the developed countries which have the detailed emission Inventories. As In the case of other pollutants, the USA contributes the most on a per-country basis to the global NOx emissions per year. Because of the Inaccuracy of the data base used. It Is difficult to discern trends In these emissions. However, with new control technologies being Implemented for both stationary and mobile sources, downward trends In the developed countries may be more prevalent In the future years. Unfortunately, the opposite trend Is likely to occur In the developing countries. 

The UNIDO project Demonstration of Cleaner Production Techniques 11 demonstrates that the concept of preventing wastes at their source as opposed to end-of-pipe treatment is as applicable and profitable in developing countries as in developed countries. The experience gained as well as the demonstrations produced will be of great value in the promotion and implementation of a Cleaner Production Program. 

Since the late 1980s, several developed countries have made major public sector commitments to build awareness of cleaner production, also referred to as pollution prevention and waste minimization. These commitments, most notably in Denmark, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S., have led the private sector to investigate and implement pollution prevention measures for existing processes and products. As a result, cleaner production is now seen in these countries as a potentially cost-effective complement to pollution abatement in meeting environmental standards. 

The implementation of SFA for the tracing of hazardous substance in international informal e-waste treatment has occurred to be a useful method. As the quality of results heavily depends on the quality of input data uncertainties restrict the relevance of results. Thus the results show a direct connection between the attitude towards the treatment of e-waste in developed countries and health and environmental consequences in the receiving countries. The e-waste subject in developing... 

Several analytical methodologies have been developed and implemented in the past few years to determine the levels of these substances in diverse aqueous matrices, e.g., wastewater and surface water [5-21], Studies in this line have been performed so far in the United States [5,10,15,22,23] and in several European countries such as Italy [9, 18, 21, 24, 25], Switzerland [9, 25], the United Kingdom[21, 25-28], Belgium [29, 30], Ireland [8], Germany [14], and Spain [6, 7, 12, 13, 19, 31-34],... 

Currently, scientists and experts from many countries are working on development and implementation of a readiness for anti terrorist actions. In addition to chemical weapons, terrorists can use various toxic chemicals from chemical industry, agriculture or products released from terrorist acts on industrial facilities. The arsenal of chemical agents that can be used as terrorist agents is practically unlimited. The focus of this workshop was assessment of scientific concepts and practical means for management of chemical agent casualties in the area of terrorist attack with emphasis on improving the medical treatment and decontamination. These problems were analyzed from an interdisciplinary perspective. 

Contamination of the world s crops by aflatoxin is estimated to cost 10 billion annually, due not only to the direct loss of crops and animals, but also to the maintenance of toxin monitoring services and the indirect cost of human and animal health care (Trail et ah, 1995). Strict legislation will protect the public health in developed countries however, many countries do not have such legislation or testing capacity. Even if such legislation and testing could be implemented, they would reduce the health risk but could not eliminate large-scale economic losses similar to those currently faced by the U.S., the European Union, and other developed countries. 

To conclude, combining Cleaner Production and Chemical Leasing has proven to be a win-win approach for the economy and the environment. It can be applied to industries of different sizes in developing countries and countries with economies in transition and fosters sustainable industrial development and the implementation of international chemical policies. Quality assurance is an important element of successful projects and efficient tools are required to ensure smooth implementation at plant level. 

For the dissemination and the establishment of the ChL business model in different industries and different countries a clear definition of ChL is essential. As the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) plays a leading role in the development and implementation of ChL around the world, it was UNIDO that defined - together with an international working group -the term of Chemical Leasing (see Chapter 2). 

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