Determination by internal and external

The actual temperature of separation is determined by internal and external factors. The internal factor, as it was mentioned earlier, is the generated Joule heat. The external factor is the temperature control applied by the cooling system. A temperature increase decreases the viscosity of the electrolyte and increases the diffusion of the sample, resulting in zone broadening and a decrease in efficiency. 

A living organism at any moment in its life is the unique consequence of a development history that results from the interaction of and determination by internal and external forces. The external forces, what we usually think as environment , are themselves partly a consequence of the activities of the organism itself as it produces and consumes the conditions of its own existence. 

The set of behaviors that defines the spectrum of a species reactivity is determined by its electronic state, which is dictated by internal and external influences. These influences may be established by the ground state, the excited state, or the effect of an external environment on the state. The chemical-behavior class uses a set of operations that define the chemical behavior of a chemical structure and proceed as follows ... 

Miki, A. Keller, T. RegenscheiL R Bernhard, W Tatsuno, M. Katagi, M., Determination of internal and external methylamphetamine in human hair by ion mobility spectrometry, Jpn. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1997,43, 15-24. 

The slope of a plot of log k against should therefore provide a value of the surface density in the vicinity of the reaction site in the membrane surface. This approach has been adopted to determine the internal and external membrane charges of chloroplasts by monitoring redox reactions, and the external membrane charge of cells by measurements of the rate of quenching of semiquinone and ascorbate-free radicals. 

Practical tests may be used to determine the internal and external temperatures of the package under normal conditions by simulating the heat source due to radioactive decay of the contents with electrical heaters. In this way, the heat source can be controlled and measured. Such tests should be performed in a uniform and steady thermal environment (i.e. fairly constant ambient tanperature, stiU air and minimum heat input from external sources such as sunlight). The package with its heat source should be held under test for sufficient time to allow the temperatures of interest to reach steady state. The test ambient temperature and internal heat source should be measured and used to adjust linearly all measured package temperatures to those corresponding to a 38 C ambient temperature. 

If the composition (or flow-rate) of one stream is fixed by internal or external constraints, this may fix the composition and flows of other process streams. In Chapter 1, the relationship between the process variables, the design variables and design equations was discussed. If sufficient design variables are fixed by external constraints, or by the designer, then the other stream flows round a unit will be uniquely determined. For example, if the composition of one product stream from a distillation column is fixed by a product specification, or if an azeotrope is formed, then the other stream composition can be calculated directly from the feed compositions see Section 2.10. The feed composition would be fixed by the outlet composition of the preceding unit. 

Figure 1.1 Functional components of the nervous system. The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system is sensitive to changes in the internal and external environment. The information gathered by this component is transmitted to the CNS where it is processed, integrated, and interpreted. The CNS then determines the appropriate response to this input. This response is carried out by the transmission of nerve impulses in the motor division of the peripheral nervous system to the effector tissues.

Relative contribution of each of these structures differs significantly and is determined by internal structural characteristics of the nitrones and by the influence of external factors, such as changes in polarity of solvent, formation of a hydrogen bond, and complexation and protonation. Changes in the electronic stmcture of nitrones, effected by any of these factors, which are manifested in the changes of physicochemical properties and spectral characteristics, can be explained, qualitatively, by analyzing the relative contribution of A-G structures. On the basis of a vector analysis of dipole moments of two series of nitrones (355), a quantum-chemical computation of ab initio molecular orbitals of the model nitrone CH2=N(H)0 and its tautomers, and methyl derivatives (356), it has been established that the bond in nitrones between C and N atoms is almost... 

A pipe having a branch connection is weakened by the opening that must be made in it and, unless the wall thickness of the pipe is sufficiently in excess of that required to sustain the pressure, it is necessary to provide added reinforcement. The amount of reinforcement required to sustain the pressure shall be determined in accordance with para. IP-3.4.2 or IP-3.4.3. There are, however, certain branch connections which have adequate pressure strength or reinforcement as constructed. It may be assumed without calculation that a branch connection has adequate strength to sustain the internal and external pressure which will be applied to it if... 

With a combined throughput of around 250 000 samples and over 1.75 M determinations a year, quality assurance is of paramount importance. This is ensured by a continuous process of introspection and audit, both internal and external. 

Figure 21.1 (a) An environmental system is a subunit ( IN ) of the world separated from the rest of the world ( OUT ) by a boundary (bold line). The dynamics of the system is determined by internal processes and by external forces (see Box 21.1 for definitions). There is an output of the system to the environment, whose effect on the external forces is neglected in the model (no feedback from IN to OUT . 

Each species has its own internal and external characteristics, which are determined by the information stored and supplied by the DNA in the nuclei of its cells. The information is carried in the form of a code based on the consecutive sequences of bases found in sections of the DNA structure. This code controls the production of the peptides and proteins required by the body. The sequence... 

G is the fundamental energetic quantity which determines the behaviour of the system in the presence of internal and external perturbations. It includes the changes in internal energy of the solvent arising from the solvent-solute interaction. Thus, the free energy is related to the Schrodinger energy E by... 

Isopotential point — In potentiometric measurements with the use of a -> ion-selective electrode (ISE) cell, the isopotential point is the potential difference between the internal and external reference electrodes which is independent of temperature. The isopotential point is governed by a particular activity of the ion being determined. Both ISE and the outer reference electrode must be specified. When an isothermal cell is used with identical reference electrodes, the isopotential point is defined by the activity of the sensed ions that gives zero net - membrane potential, e.g., sensed activity is the same in the inner and outer (test) solution. Calibration lines for different cell temperatures have different slopes, but they intersect at a common activity point. Cells with temperature gradients are not recommended. 

---