External temperature

The naphthalene wUl dissolve in the liquid a-naphthol and, according to Raoult s law, the vapour pressure of the latter will be reduced. Hence a-naphthol will pass preferentially into the liquid phase and, if the external temperature is maintained at 95 5°, the ultimate result will be the complete melting of the solid a-naphthol since melting requires heat and no heat is imparted to the system, the temperature will fall. 

If there is no external temperature control (using a simulated constant temperature bath), molecular dynamics simulations are constant energy. 

Disturbance noise covariance matrix Q This was set as a diagonal matrix, where q and q22 represent changes in the burner and dryer temperatures as a result of changing heat transfer through the walls of the dryer, due to wind and variations in external temperature. 

Superinsulation has been developed, primarily for use in space, where protection is needed against external temperatures near absolute zero. Superinsulation fabric consists of multiple sheets of aluminized mylar, each about 0.005 cm (about 0.002 in.) thick, and separated by thin spacers with about 20 to 40 layers per cm (about 50 to 100 layers per in.). 

Heat load The heat input necessary to ensure that a treated space provides the internal design temperature at a given external temperature. 

Internal temperature The temperature inside a space, as opposed to the external temperature. 

In this context it turned out to be useful to investigate data in terms of the difference between the external and internal temperature of the system [43,44]. The external temperature is the temperature given from outside and used in the Metropolis sampling for the acceptance of moves of the monomers. The internal temperature, in contrast to the external temperature, is given by the occupation number of the states of a free bond in equihbrium. 

PV graph shows that workflow into the system Wi is larger than work output The net cycle area for the system 1-2-3-4 measures the work lost by the system—external temperature irreversibilities cause this. All the processes, however, have been considered as internally reversible. 

Equipment shall be approved not only for the class of location but also for the explosive, combustible, or ignitable properties of the specific gas, vapor, dust, fiber, or flyings that will be present. In addition. Class I equipment shall not have any exposed surface that operates at a temperature in excess of the ignition temperature of the specific gas or vapor. Class II equipment shall not have an external temperature higher than that specified in Section 500-3(1). Class III equipment shall not exceed the maximum surface temperatures specified in Section 503-1. 

To avoid temperature shock and for economy, the control of comfort air conditioning may be allowed to drift with extremes of external temperature. However, where the design is to maintain specified internal conditions under virtually all-external conditions data may need to be adjusted upwards. 

In summary, our analysis indicates that intraparticle temperature gradients and external concentration gradients are clearly negligible while intraparticle concentration gradients are clearly significant. External temperature gradients do exist, but they are small. 

Equation 9-45 describes the fluid expansion only at the beginning of heat transfer, when the fluid is initially exposed to the external temperature Ta. The heat transfer will increase the temperature of the liquid, changing the value of T. However, it is apparent that Equation 9-45 provides the maximum thermal expansion rate, sufficient for sizing a relief device. 

Figure 9. (a) Heat current versus temperature Tl (at fixed Tr = 0.2) for different coupling constants, feint, with lattice size N = 50. The system parameters are Vl = 5, Vr = 1, fci = 1, fcfl = 0.2. (b) Same as (a) but for different system size N. kint = 0.05. Notice that when Tl < 0.1 the heat current increases with decreasing the external temperature difference. 

Isoperibolic system a system in which the controlling external temperature is kept constant. 

To obtain the free aldehyde 25 g. of the aldehyde ammonia are dissolved in 25 c.c. of water, a cooled mixture of water (40 c.c.) and concentrated sulphuric acid (30 c.c.) is added, and the acetaldehyde liberated is distilled from the water bath through a calcium chloride U-tube (gently warmed if the external temperature is low) and through an efficient coil condenser. In order to prevent autoxida-tion of the acetaldehyde the apparatus is filled with carbon dioxide before distillation, and, since the vapour pressure of the aldehyde is high, a slow current of carbon dioxide is passed again, for a short time only, at the end of the distillation. Since acetaldehyde boils at 21° the receiver, which is attached to the condenser by means of a cork stopper, must be well cooled in an ice-salt freezing mixture. 

Grafting can also provide the monolithic polymers with rather unexpected properties. For example, the two-step grafting procedure summarized in Fig. 7, which involves the vinylization of the pore surface by reaction of the epoxide moiety with allyl amine, and a subsequent in situ radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile within these pores leads to a composite that changes its properties in response to external temperature [76]. 

Undesired signals due to external temperature fluctuations in the calorimetric block are minimized by connecting in opposition two heat-flow detectors from two identical vessels, one of which is used to perform the experiment, the other being used as a reference. Heat related to the introduction of the probe molecule and other parasitic phenomena are thus compensated. 

Most methods are based on the measurement of physical and chemical changes that occur to a body after death. However, most of these changes are influenced by different variables (e.g., external temperature, physical activity immediately before death, etc.) that make the correlation between a measured variable and postmortem interval (PMI) rather inaccurate. 

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