Detergents household type

One-step clean-and-shine products have become popular in the household market. These products are appHed to the floor with a sponge mop and their detergent action removes and suspends soil, which coUects on the mop and is removed when the mop is rinsed with water. The formulation, which remains on the floor, dries to a poHsh film. An earlier product of this type was dispensed from an aerosol as a foam. Formulas as of this writing (ca 1995) are appHed as Hquids (29,30). In one product, the dried film obtained from the formulation is soluble in the formulation, which includes low molecular weight, high acid polymers and a fairly large amount of ammonia (31). Repeated use does not contribute to a buildup of poHsh. 

Fabric Softening. The use of quaternary surfactants as fabric softeners and static control agents can be broken down into three main household product types rinse cycle softeners tumble dryer sheets and detergents containing softeners, also known as softergents. Rinse cycle softeners... 

The I I cleaning procedures as a whole, compared with household laundering, are characterized by huge variations in the composition of the soils, types of surface to which they adhere, cleaning time available, etc. The optimum choice of enzyme type and dosage level normally has to be established through a cooperation between the customer (end user), manufacturer of the detergent, and enzyme producer. 

The instability of DAST-type brighteners towards chlorine-containing bleaches has been mentioned already. They also show limited stability towards per-acids. As recommended washing temperatures have tended to fall in recent years, a bleach consisting of sodium perborate activated by addition of tetra-acetylethylenediamine (11.63) has become an important component of household detergent formulations. This system is effective at temperatures as low as 40-50 °C. Since the FBA may be sensitive to the activated oxidant, however, in some formulations it is necessary to protect compounds such as 11.60 or 11.61 by encapsulating either the brightener or the activator, if adequate shelf-life is to be maintained. 

Fig. 2.5.10. (a) APCI-FIA-MS(+), (b) ESI-FIA-MS(+), (c) APCI-FIA-MS(-) and (d) ESI-FIA-MS(—) overview spectra all recorded from the methanolic solution of the same commercially available household detergent mixture containing different types of... 

The results of this stock-taking of the surfactants present in a household detergent formulation demonstrated that the peak shapes of negatively recorded TICs (e) and (f) look quite similar, while the APCI(+) and ESI(+) TICs recorded under the same chromatographic conditions (Fig. 2.5.11(a) and (b)) are quite different. As expected, the use of different chromatographic conditions resulted in considerable variations, but APCI or ESI applied under the same LC conditions proved the selectivity of both interface types for specific compounds. This effect sometimes will be supported by the selection and application of highly specific and selective LC conditions. 

Here, the mixture analytical FIA-MS-MS approach reached its limitation to identify compounds. Hence, LC separations prior to MS analysis are essential to separate compounds with the same m/z ratio but with different structures. The behaviour in the LC separation will be influenced by characteristic parameters of the surfactant such as linear or strongly branched alkyl chain, the type, the number and the mixture of glycolether groups—PEG and/or PPG—and the ethoxylate chains. The retardation on SPE materials applied for extraction and/or concentration also depends on these properties and can therefore be used for an appropriate pre-separation of non-ionic surfactants in complex environmental samples as well as in industrial blends and household detergent formulations. A sequential selective elution from SPE cartridges using solvents or their mixtures can improve this preseparation and saves time in the later LC separation [22],... 

Uses. Vulcanization accelerator for type of rubber usually used in the production of household rubber gloves rather than medical rubber gloves corrosion inhibitor in metal-working fluids, detergents, antifreeze, and photographic emulsions. 

The first type of cleansing agent, used by humankind for centuries, was soap. Although it has now been supplemented by various synthetic detergents in advanced countries for laundry and household use, it is still preferred for personal hygiene. In less-developed countries it is preferred for laundry use. 

Alcohol sulfates (AS) are usually manufactured by the reaction of a primary alcohol with sulfur trioxide or chlorosulfonic acid followed by neutralization with a base. These are high foam surfactants but they are sensitive to water hardness and higher levels of phosphates are required. This latter requirement has harmed the market for this type of detergent, but they are 2% of production for the major household surfactant market. Sodium lauryl sulfate (R = Cn) is a constituent of shampoos to take advantage of its high-foaming properties. 

Consumer Products As mentioned earlier, the soaps and detergents in cleaning products and cosmetics comprise the bulk of the household materials that are irritating to human skin. The molecules responsible for this type of ICD are called surface-active agents, or surfactants. There are four main classes of surfactants, which are listed in decreasing order of their... 

Miscellaneous Methods for Manufacture of Sulfur Compounds. The current trend toward synthetic detergents and the fact that sulfonic acids have been found to possess many attributes desirable for a detergent has led to the development of hydrocarbons which upon sulfonation yield a superior type of detergent. One of the most satisfactory types of product for general household application is the alkyl aryl sulfonates. This field is adequately discussed by Griesinger and Nevison... 

The composition of a detergent or cleaner may be very complex, containing different types of substances. Tables 8.3 and 8.4 show the typical major components of detergents and cleansers for household and institutional applications [71]. In addition to this the components themselves are mixtures as they are usually of technical grade. This makes the description and interpretation of the interfacial processes even more complex. 

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