Detection integrated

In most situations analysts can achieve a rapid reasonable separation of compounds using an appropriate standard CE method with generic operating conditions [877]. This eliminates or reduces dramatically the need for method development. Major instrumental error sources in CE are detection, integration and injection. General guidelines for validation of CE methods are available and similar to those of HPLC [878]. Validated CE methods often perform the same as, or better than, the corresponding HPLC methods. 

Waters Corp., Polyolefin Additives Determination with UV and Mass Detection, (Integrity System Publications), Waters Corp., Milford, MA (n.d.)... 

X. Fan (ed.), Advanced Photonic Structures for Biological and Chemical Detection, Integrated Analytical Systems,... 

A currently used typical FI manifold design for liquid-liquid extraction with spectrophotometric detection, integrated from the various functional parts described in Sec. 

Thorslund, S., Lindberg, P., Andren P.E., Nikolajeff, F, Bergquist, J., Electrokinetic-driven microfluidic system in poly(dimethylsiloxane) for mass spectrometry detection integrating sample injection, capillary electrophoresis, and electrospray emitter on-chip. Electrophoresis, 26, 4674-4678, 2005. 

Unlike optical detection, integrated electrical detectors (impedimetric, electrochemical, most mechanical and thermal, certain magnetic) require electrode interconnections and on-chip electrical traces (conductive pathways) to connect to external electronics. Although this is an added complication, it is typically easier to implement than full monolithic integratiOTi of an optical excitation-and-detection system. 

Figure 3.262 Separation of amino acids on AminoPac PAID. Eluent NaOH/NaOAc gradient see Table 3.32 flow rate 0.25 ml7min detection integrated amperometry on a gold working electrode analytes lOOpmol each of arginine (1), ornithine (2), lysine (3), glutamine...

Figure 3.265 Optimized separation of amino acids and carbohydrates on an AminoPac PA10. Eluent NaOH/NaOAc gradient graphically depicted flow rate 0.25 mUmin detection integrated amperometry on a gold working electrode peaks (1) arginine, (2) fucose, (3) galactosamine, (4) glucosamine, (5)...

Figure 3.266 Direct injection of a carbohy-drate/amino acid mixture (trace 1) and a chromatogram obtained with in-line sample preparation of the same mixture (trace 2). Separator column AminoPac PA10 eluent NaOH/NaOAc gradient flow rate 0.25 mL/min detection integrated amperometry on a gold working electrode peaks 125 pmol of each amino acid -i-10 pmol/L of each carbohydrate. Note In the chromatogram of trace 1, the...

NaOH flow rate 0.2 mL/min detection integrated pulsed amperometry on a Au working electrode and MS (positive ion scan mode m/z 120-600, cone voltage SO V) sample microalgae whole-cell lysate. 

Figure 10.315 Anaiysis of lipoic acid. Separator column CarboPac PA1 eluent 0.1 mol/L NaOH + 0.5 mol/L NaOAc flow rate 1 mL/min detection integrated pulsed amperometry on a gold working electrode injection volume 50 pL peak 40mg/L lipoic add (1).

Figure 10.338 Separation of homocysteine and other physiological amino acids. Separator column OmnIPac PCX-500 column dimensions 250 mm x2 mm i.d. column temperature 30 °C eluent 0.15mol/L NaCIOV MeCN (95 5 v/v) + 19.7 mmol/L HCIO4 flow rate 0.25 mL/mln detection integrated pulsed amperometry on a gold working...

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