Sensors based on integrated dialysis and detection

Dialysis, which involves mass transfer between two miscible liquids separated by a membrane, has been widely used in continuous systems [1], particularly in clinical analysis as a means for separating macromolecules present in biological fluids from the species of interest (of generally low molecular weights). 

A number of membrane-coated voltammetric electrodes are based on integrated dialysis and detection. The inherent selectivity achieved by having the analyte pass through a membrane of a given cut-off, which allows the 

One other design developed by Wang s group uses the same base sensor (GCE), which is coated with a layer of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP). This cationic polyelectrolyte was one of the first polymers used to modify electrode surfaces [27]. Much research effort in this context has been directed to the characterization of the transport and electrostatic binding of multi-charged anions at PVP-coated electrodes. The ability of this polymer 

The peculiar electrochemical behaviour of electrode surfaces coated with a layer of phosphatidylcholine (PC) adds a new dimension to the practical applications of this type of sensor as it enables development of electrochemical processes within a lipid layer. Redox-active amphiphiles readily 

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