Designer ethics

Human umbilical cord tissue is relatively readily available in most locations, and the ability to fragment it into multiple similar carriers allows for replicates and statistical efficiency in experimental design. Ethical clearance and informed consent for its use in experimentation are required. 

Verbeek, P.-P. (2006). Materializing morality Design ethics and technological mediation. Science, Technology Human Values, 31(3), 361-380. doi 10.1177/0162243905285847. 

The application of waste-management practices in the United States has recently moved toward securing a new pollution prevention ethic. The performance of pollution prevention assessments and their subsequent implementation will encourage increased activity into methods that 1 further aid in the reduction of hazardous wastes. One of the most important and propitious consequences of the pollution-prevention movement will be the development of life-cycle design and standardized hfe-cycle cost-accounting procedures. These two consequences are briefly discussed in the two paragraphs that follow. Additional information is provided in a later subsection. 

Scientific and Engineering Philosophies 367. The Art" of Engineering Design 369. Design in the Petroleum Industry 379. Engineering Ethics 380. Intellectual Property. 

Although there is no substitute for individual action based on a firm philosophical and ethical foundation, designers have developed guidelines for professional conduct based on the experience of many of them who have had to wrestle with troublesome ethical questions and situations previously. These guidelines can be found in the published codes of ethics for designers and engineers of a number of industry and technical societies such as the Industrial Designer societies. 

Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP). GCP is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. Its purpose is twofold ... 

The most significant objection to the randomized control design is an ethical one. If a new drug is believed to be beneficial, then many feel it is ethically unsound to effectively deprive up to half the trial participants from receiving the drug. 

The purpose of pharmacy administration course work is to teach pharmacy students how to design and manage medication use systems that produce optimal results for patients. In pharmacy administration courses, students learn how to conduct medication use evaluations that measure patient outcomes. They are taught how to communicate effectively with patients and with other health care providers. Pharmacy administration courses also teach ethical and legal responsibilities to monitor drug therapy and to protect patients from problems with drug therapy. 

Currently, physicians and patients determine the demand for pharmaceuticals and employers and insurers assume the risk and cost. As the price of new health care technologies escalates, payers will design and implement strategies to share risk and cost. Defined employer contributions, increased patient cost sharing, and benefit exclusions will be used to help control utilization and cost. In this environment, value-based assessments will be crucial to the adoption of any technological innovation. It is reasonable to expect public and private coverage for new therapies if evidence is provided regarding the costs and consequences of treatment. However, social and ethical dilemmas will certainly arise as therapies whose costs exceed their benefits are debated in the public arena. 

Ethical issues surrounding the design and conduct of genetic research with people, including the process of informed consent. 

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