Design of products

The achievement of an economic optimum is limited by requirements of selectivity, energy efficiency, safety, and pollution control. The total design of production reactors therefore involves a few more tasks than the basic integration method. 

The design of production plants for the manufacture of the three categories of product varies considerably. Fine chemicals are usually produced in batch reactors, which may also be used for the production of a variety of similar products. Fine chemicals usually have demanding product quality specifications and, consequently, a significant fraction of the production costs are involved in product purification and testing. Intermediate volume chemicals have less rigorous quality specifications than fine chemicals and are usually manufactured in product-specific-plants, either as batch or continuous flow processes. Bulk chemical production plants usually operate continuous flow processes... 

The design of products has to take into account the dimensional changes that can occur during fabrication and during its useful service life. With a mismatched CLTE could be destructive that includes factors such as cracking or buckling. 

Strategies for sustainable product design should include the design of products as biological nutrients within biological metabolisms or technical nutrients within technical metabolisms. 

There are many approaches to the design of product test rigs. The following examples are intended to illustrate the variety and to give some indication of the level of complexity. 

Figure 19.8. Flow chart for design of production and preparative gas chromatographs(13). Feedback is shown by broken lines. A, B and C are principal calculation loops...

Finally, all of the case chapters recognize customer centeredness as an imperative for successful organic growth. Each, to one degree or another, describes careful and detailed analysis of customer requirements as the primary consideration in the design of products, services, operations, supply chain dynamics, and customer support systems. 

The layout and design of production areas and equipment should permit effective cleaning and decontamination (e.g. by fumigation). The adequacy of cleaning and decontamination procedures should be validated. 

In their simplest form, radiometers monitor irradiance (in W/cm ) and radiant energy density (in J/cm ) for the bandwidth of the instrument. Profiling radiometers can in addition to that also provide irradiance profiles as a function of time. The results from the monitoring of a process can be effectively used to correlate exposure conditions to the physical properties of the cured product. If needed, they can also become the specifications of exposure in the design of production systems. Usually, radiometers are placed in the same position as the material that is being cured. 

Tazerka Multiwell FPSU Design of Production Facilities Integrated With the Tanker... 

Thermal conductivity is obviously of importance in the design of products which will have a thermal insulation function and also in the design of rubber processing equipment. 

Validation in quality systems includes establishment of procedures on how to qualify the equipment and machinery, how to verify the design of products, how to verify the process designed, how to verify the achievement of production procedures, how to validate the process developed, and how to validate the methods for measurement and assay. Validation also requires verification of specifications or acceptance criteria of in-process parameters relating to both raw materials and intermediate (in-process product) and finished products, and verification of acceptance criteria for in-process parameters relating to operating conditions of machinery and equipment. Further, when the medical device is assembled at the user s site, validation includes establishing procedures of how to verify assembly. 

Design of Product with the tentative specification and design of process fines ... 

Martel A (2005) The design of production-distribution networks a mathematical programming approach. In Geunes J, Pardalos PM (eds) Supply Chain Optimization. Springer, Berlin et al., pp 265-305... 

Structural cost optimizations are achieved via the design of production networks and value chains... 

In the near future, the use of multifunctional polymer-based materials with separation/selective transport capabilities is also to be expected in the design of production systems with integrated environmental protection or inthe combination of chemical reactions and separation by attaching a catalytic functionality to the respective material [1]. Thus, those multifunctional materials should contribute materially to the development of clean energy and/or energy saving and therefore sustainable production technologies. In connection with these perspectives, there is considerable interest in new/modified polymer-based materials with tailored transport/catalytic properties. Also, many sensor applications are based on controlled permeation. 

Design of products, processes, and systems must include integration and interconnectivity with available energy and materials flows. 

In general, the design of production lines for medical goods should allow a higher degree of flexibility than with large-volume consumer items, since orders can be smaller and there may be considerable variations of size within any one range. 

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