GENERAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

Eq. (6) provides general design guidelines for increasing areal density. The three main options are to... 

The general design guidelines here apply to liquid-vapor trays for heat-transfer and mass-transfer services. In addition to fractional distillation this includes many stripping, absorption, and other services. 

Provide general design guidelines based on the unwanted energy release concept... 

Experience shows that erosion or damage often starts at joints and transitions. Therefore, important aspects of revetment constructions, which require special attention are the joints and the transitions joints onto the same material and onto other revetment materials, and transitions onto other structures or revetment parts. A general design guideline is that transitions should be avoided as much as possible, especially in the area with maximum wave attack. If they are inevitable, the discontinuities introduced should be minimized. This holds for differences in elastic and plastic behavior and in the permeability or the sand tightness. Proper design and execution are essential in order to obtain satisfactory joints and transitions. 

There are certain basic rib-design guidelines that should be followed (Fig. 3-9). The most general is to make the rib thickness at its base equal to one-half the adjacent wall s thickness. With ribs opposite appearance areas, the width should be kept as thin as possible. In areas where structure is more important than appearance, or with very low shrinkage materials, ribs are often 75 or even 100 percent of the outside wall s thickness. As can be seen in Fig. 3-10, a goal in rib design is to prevent the formation of a heavy mass of material that can result in a sink, void, distortion, long cycle time, or any combination of these problems. 

An engineering study of many site-specific factors is required before one makes a choice and designs an appropriately instrumented system. Some generally accepted guidelines are ... 

Ideally, the kinetics of the prodrug and the active moiety should be studied in the same patients or healthy volunteers. It is not possible to provide generally valid guidelines for study design because, as described in the previous sections, many factors may influence the analysis of the data, and consequently the way in which data must be collected. For example, it is certainly very different to study a prodrug such as bacampicillin with a very fast release of ampicillin after oral administration, or the decanoic ester of haloperidol given intramuscularly as a depot preparation in an oily vehicle. 

In the future, systems must be able to provide aU relevant information in the user-desired form and make additional mechanisms available that reveal the consequences of a decision made during product development. The provision of information must include not only product specific data but also comprehensive information. Data covering aU topics from design guidelines and rules to design, solution, and measurement catalogs to company individual knowhow is necessary. Solutions developed for similar products need to be accessible not only in general form but in a form that takes product-related tasks and context into account. 

General troubleshooting guidelines are provided for chemical dosage systems including tanks, pumps and tank mixers. Not aU problems may be relevant to a particular system. Problems depend on system design and process conditions. 

General troubleshooting guidelines are provided for troubleshooting RO system performance. Process-related problems depend on operating and process design conditions. Performance analysis information in Table 4.8 provides additional information for solving process and system problems. 

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