Design and Installation

The decision to cathodically protect reinforced concrete structures depends on technical and economic considerations. Cathodic protection is not an economic process for small area displacements of the concrete due to corrosion of the reinforcing steel arising from insufficient concrete covering. On the other hand, the 

---

S. G. Malghan, in A. L. Mular and M. A. Anderson, eds.. Design and Installation of Concentration and Dewatering Circuits, Society of Mining Engineers, Littleton, Colo, 1986, p. 76. 

The selection and appHcation of an expansion joint is not as simple as selecting a pipe fitting or a valve and requires a sound understanding of the joint s capabihties and limitations. Improper appHcation of any type of joint can result in serious or damaging effects. However, when properly selected and integrated into the piping system, satisfactory service and safe operation can be expected. Selection and appHcation of beUows expansion joints require special attention to design and installation. 

J. P. Nichols, in Mular and Jergenson, eds.. Design and Installation of Comminution Circuits, AIME, New York, 1982, Chapt. 27. 

Air-Cooled Overhead Condensers Air-cooled overhead condensers (AOC) have been designed and installed above distiUation columns as integral parts of distiUation systems. The condensers generally have incliued tubes, with air flow over the finned sur ces induced by a fan. PrevaUing wind affec ts both structural design and performance. 

Cause I has been covered in the preceding subsection. Causes 4 and 5 can be handled through careful design and installation. Causes 2 and 3 bear additional discussion at this point. 

Recommended Practice for the Design and Installation of Pressure Relieving Systems in Refineries, Part I— Design, latest edition. Part II— Installation, latest edition RP 520 American Petroleum Institute. 

Radius tip pinched against inlet weir. Limited capacity. High pressure drop as rates were increased. Design and installation error. 

Solution A unique support connection was designed and installed as shown in the article. 

With a better understanding of the nature and severity of the water hammer problem, we can avoid its destructive forces. This greater understanding should also help with the introduction of more preventive measures into system designs and installations, which will help provide maximum safety for personnel, lower maintenance cost and reduce system downtime. 

British Occupational Hygiene Technology Committee (1975J Guide to the Design and Installation of Laboratory Eume Cupboards. 

This section describes the requirements for the design and installation of pressure relief valve inlet and outlet piping manifolds and valving, including safety valve and flare headers. 

Exposure or the likelihood of exposure is the key. If the likelihood of exposure of any worker (ineluding elerieal workers) exists, an assessment should be eondueted. The site eontrols that have been designed and installed to limit aeeess or exposure must be monitored. These eontrols should be installed so that there are multiple levels (dependent on the severity of the hazard). If one level fails, the next level should be suflfi-eient to proteet workers until repairs to the first level ean be eompleted. 

No professional mechanical engineer was on the site at the time. The workers designed and installed the pipe by judgment from experience and got the plant on line in a few days. Flowcver, they did not allow sufficiently for the stress on a 20 inch pipe at 150 psi pressure, or the weakening of the metal from operation at 150° C (302 "F). It was designed on a chalkboard in the workshop and installed with jerry-rigged scaffolding... 

Gunes, I. L. 1970. Concentrated ait supply in industrial spaces. In Transactions ofVNUGS Design and Installation of Sanitary-Technique Systems, vol. 28, pp. 3-1.5. VNIIGS, Leningrad. 

Gunes, 1. L., and 1. L. Leshin.skaya. 1977. Evaluation of the required air change rate wdth air supply through ceiling mounted air diffu.sets. In The Issues of Sanitary-Technique Systems Design and Installation. V NIIGS, Leningrad. 

Ifspenskaya, L. B., L. S. Klyatchko, and Z. I. Rashkovsky. 1975. Ventilation of textile shops of the synthetic fiber production plants. In The Issues of Sanitary Technique Systems Design and Installation. VNIIGS, Leningrad. 

The ASME code requires every pressure vessel that can be blocked in to have a relief valve to alleviate pressure build up due to thermal expan sion of trapped gases or liquids. In addition, the American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice (API RP) 14C, Analysis, Design, Installation and Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems on Offshore Production Platforms, recommends that relief valves be installed at vari ous locations in the production system and API RP 520, Design and Installation of Pressure Relieving Systems in Refineries, recommends various conditions for sizing relief valves. 

RP 14F Recommended Practice for Design and Installation of Electrical Systems for Offshore Production Platforms RP. 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified As Class I, Division 1 and Division 2. 

While a multidisciplinary team approach is ideally suited to PSM design and installation, it is not the only way. PSM goals can be achieved through the efforts of a single professional, or a small homogeneous task group (for example, facility managers or safety specialists) the process is essentially the same as described here, but on a smaller, more limited scale. 

Team mlealon To design and install a PSM system that will be practically applicable throughout the company. [What]... 

Maximum usefulness and focus on end use. Remember that the PSM assessment phase is a means to an end the design and installation of a workable PSM system within your company. This means you may want to gather information that might otherwise not be included in comparable studies, audits, or reviews, e.g., data concerning resource allocations and requirements. If so, these considerations should be factored into both selection of your assessment method and the specific design of the tools you select. 

At this point in the process, you may find it useful to review the preliminary plan you presented for initial management approval (see Chapter2). That "first take" necessarily lacked the detail you are now able to provide. For example, your initial estimates of time requirements might have predicted 18 months for system design and installation now you reali2e that 24 months will be needed. While the initial plan will require changes, it should have components (organizational, stylistic, narrative) that can be adapted for use in the formal plan. 

Equipment integrity is primarily achieved by good design and installation and the proper consideration of human factors should be an integral part of the design phases (see Section 8.2.2 on Capital Project Review and Design Procedures and the earlier sections of this chapter. 

---