Description of Properties Tabulated

The properties tabulated in parts A of the tables concern the atomic, ionic, and molecular properties of the elements  

Parts B of the tables contain data on the macroscopic properties of the elements. Most of the data concern the condensed phases. If not indicated otherwise, the data in this section apply to the standard state of the element, that is, they are valid at standard temperature and pressure (STP, i. e. r = 298.15 K and p = 100 kPa = 1 bar). For those elements which are stable in the gas phase at STP, data are given for the macroscopic properties in the gas phase. 

The quantities describing the physical and physicochemical properties of materials can be divided into 

In the linear-response regime, that is, under weak external forces F, these parameters x are considered as being independent of the strength of the forces. The dependence of an observable (9 on a force F is then the simple proportionality 

For strong external fields, the dependence of the response on the strength of the forces can be expressed by a power expansion in the forces, which then - in addition to the linear parameters x - defines nonlinear field-dependent materials properties x (.f ) where 

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This second edition, built on the success of the first, has become necessary as a result of the continuing development of the world-wide composites industry. This has included, the entry of new companies, new and improved thermoset resin systems and moreover major and important changes in the whole manufacturer/supplier picture, since the first edition was published in 1993. Whilst retaining the comprehensive contact listing of all those companies in an initial directory section together with some basic understanding of thermoset chemistry, a change in the layout of the second part, has not only allowed more resin description and property tabulation within that databook section, but also a much more reader friendly, useful layout. 

The purpose of this compilation is to tabulate the densities of compounds, hence only minimal description of experimental methods used to measure the density of liquids or solids appears. Detailed descriptions of methods for density determination of solids, liquids and gases, along with appropriate density reference standards, appear in a chapter by Davis and Koch in Physical Methods of Chemistry, Volume VI, Determination of Thermodynamic Properties [86-ros/bae],... 

Of the three general categories of transport processes, heat transport gets the most attention for several reasons. First, unlike momentum transfer, it occurs in both the liquid and solid states of a material. Second, it is important not only in the processing and production of materials, but in their application and use. Ultimately, the thermal properties of a material may be the most influential design parameters in selecting a material for a specific application. In the description of heat transport properties, let us limit ourselves to conduction as the primary means of transfer, while recognizing that for some processes, convection or radiation may play a more important role. Finally, we will limit the discussion here to theoretical and empirical correlations and trends in heat transport properties. Tabulated values of thermal conductivities for a variety of materials can be found in Appendix 5. 

The hydrate structures (Figure 1.5) are composed of five polyhedra formed by hydrogen-bonded water molecules shown in Figure 2.5, with properties tabulated in Table 2.1. Jeffrey (1984) suggested the nomenclature description (ft" 1), for these polyhedra, where i is the number of edges in face type i, and tm is the number of faces with m edges. 

Solvent permittivity — is an index of the ability of a solvent to attenuate the transmission of an electrostatic force. This quantity is also called the -> dielectric constant. -> permittivity decreases with field frequency. Static (related to infinite frequency) and optical op (related to optical frequencies) permittivities are used in numerous models evaluating the solvation of ions in polar solvents under both static and dynamic conditions. Usually the refractive index n is used instead of op (n2 = eop), as these quantities are available for the majority of solvents. The theory of permittivity was first proposed by Debye [i]. Systematic description of further development can be found in the monograph of Frohlich [ii]. Various aspects of application to reactions in polar media and solution properties, as well as tabulated values can be found in Fawcetts textbook [iii]. 

House organs are chiefly devoted to descriptions of the properties and applications of materials and apparatus. Information on properties of commercial materials often is not readily available in the technical journal literature for a considerable time after the first appearance of the materials on the market. Frequently, tabulations of properties... 

The variables above include terms descriptive of the system geometry, flow, fluid properties, and the quantity which is of primary interest, kc. To determine the number of dimensionless parameters to be formed, we must know the rank, r, of the dimensional matrix. The matrix is formed from the following tabulation ... 

A thorough review of the chemistry of many of the naturally occurring bile acids and related substances may be found in the monograph by Fieser and Fieser (1). A tabulation of known acids and alcohols, their properties, and a brief description of their origins is presented in the next section of this chapter. Identifications in some cases have not been confirmed but the burden of accuracy has been left with the original authors. 

The methodology presented in the chapter and associated tabulated data have fundamental importance, as they facilitate the description of ther-mod5mamic properties of related compounds not yet studied or for which experimental data are unsatisfactory. 

A useful method of recording numerical data is in the form of a table. All tables should have a title that adequately describes the data presented (they may need to be numbered so that they can be quoted in the text). It is important to display the components of the table such that it allows direct comparison of data and to allow the reader to easily understand the significance of the results. It is normal to tabulate data in the form of columns and rows, with columns running vertically and rows horizontally. Columns contain, for example, details of concentration and units, sampling sites or properties measured, while rows contain numerical or written descriptions for the columns. The first column often contains the independent variable data, e.g. concentration or site location, while subsequent columns may contain numerical values of concentrations for different metals or organics. A typical tabulated set of data obtained from an experiment to determine the level of lead in soil by using atomic absorption spectroscopy is shown in Table 1.4. 

Throughout the following Directory pages, and when made available by the manufacturer or supplier, each thermoset resin description is accompanied by typically, a two-line tabulation, highlighting a maximum of 18 important resin and laminate properties, using codes a. to r. as below. These must be considered indicative values for guidance only, as like any property evaluation all are clearly open to some variation. Consequently they do not, and must not form, any part of an individual resin specification. Further information should always be requested from the manufacturer or supplier, and then ultimately confirmed by actual laboratory or production evaluation. 

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