Dermal treatment area

Figure 1. Schematic of occlusive dermal treatment area.

The dermal absorption of C-3,3, 4,4 -tetraCB (PCB 77) and 2,2, 4,4, 5,5 -tetraCB (PCB 153) in female F344 rats was assessed under conditions where the PCB was appUed as either a solid, aqueous paste, aqueous suspension, or dissolved in ethanol (Hughes et al. 1992). The chemicals were applied to the clipped mid-dorsal region of the rat. The treatment area was then occluded, and urine and feces were... 

Tandon et al. (1975) reported no lethality in rats following dermal application of 529 mg thorium/kg body weight (58 nCi/kg = 2146 Bq/kg), daily for 15 days, to the lateroabdominal and scrotal skin. Prior to treatment, the hair was clipped. The area remained uncovered for the duration of treatment. The thorium was administered as thorium nitrate. This NOAEL value is reported in Table 2-3. 

Tandon et al. (1975) applied daily dermal applications of 132.5 mg thorium/kg body weight/day (15 nCi/kg/day = 555 Bq/kg/day), 265 mg thorium/kg body weight/day (29 nCi/kg/day = 1073 Bq/kg/day), or 529 mg thorium/kg body weight/day (58 nCi/kg/day = 2146 Bq/kg/day) to the lateroabdominal and scrotal areas of rats for 15 days. The thorium was administered to skin (hair was clipped) as thorium nitrate, and the area remained uncovered for the duration of treatment. Mild hyperkeratinization of the lateroabdominal skin was found at all exposure levels. At the highest exposure level, mild acanthosis and thickening of the epithelial lining of the lateroabdominal skin were seen. At this level, mild acanthosis, swollen collagen fibers, and foamy dermis were found in the scrotal skin. The value of 15 nCi/kg/day is a less serious LOAEL, and the exposure level of 58 nCi/kg/day is a serious LOAEL for dermal effects in the rat. These values are reported in Table 2-3. 

Treatment of shingles-related skin pain Topical (Dermal patch) Apply to intact skin over most painful area (up to 3 applications once for up to 12 hr in a 24-hr period). 

Motion Sickness. Antimuscarinics (scopolamine in particular) are frequently used in the treatment of motion sickness.22 Scopolamine appears to block cholinergic transmission from areas of the brain and brainstem that mediate motion-related nausea and vomiting (i.e., the vestibular system and reticular formation).8 These drugs are often administered trans-dermally via small patches that adhere to the skin.18... 

There are few acute symptoms. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. There are no specific antidotes. In cases of oral exposure, measures to decrease absorption may be useful. Emesis may be induced after careful consideration. For dermal exposure, decontamination by washing the exposed area thoroughly with soap and water is recommended. In cases of inhalation exposure, the victim must be moved to fresh air and monitored for respiratory distress. In cases of eye exposure, the eyes should be irrigated with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 min. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimat-ion, or photophobia persists, the person should be seen in a health care facility. 

Treatment for dermal exposure should include irrigation of the contaminated area followed by cool compresses. Treatment for oral exposures should consist of removing any plant material from the oral cavity and administering cool liquids. Significant toxicity is rare. Irrigation should be performed in instances of ocular contamination. Further care should be symptomatic and supportive. 

Treatment is supportive following exposure. The victim should be monitored for CNS and respiratory depression, metabolic acidosis, and hypotension. Ipecac-induced emesis is not recommended. On ocular exposure, the eyes should be irrigated for at least 15 min with tepid water. On dermal exposure, the exposed area should be washed with soap and water. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or... 

Following dermal exposure to chloropicrin, the exposed area must be washed thoroughly with soap and water. If dermatitis persists, topical treatment with wet dressings of Burow s solution 1 40, followed by corticosteroid creams or calamine lotion, may be given. Secondary infection may necessitate antibiotic therapy. Oral antihistamines may be useful for pruritis. 

Acute toxicity relating to ingestion of PAHs is highly unlikely. Inhalation exposure to PAHs may involve other materials capable of causing acute respiratory and systemic effects. Treatment should be according to symptomatology. For dermal contact, it is important to remove contaminated clothing and wash the exposed area with soap and water. Burns should be treated in the usual manner. 

If dermal or eye contact with the liquid occurs, the affected areas should be flushed thoroughly with water for at least 15 min and the patient observed for resulting skin or eye irritation. In case of inhalation, the victim should be moved to fresh air and the patient should be monitored for respiratory irritation and pulmonary edema. If ingestion occurs, basic and advanced life-support measures should be utilized as necessary. Gastrointestinal decontamination procedures are unlikely to provide clinical benefit. The use of methylene blue should be considered in the treatment of nitroethane-induced methemoglobinemia. Repeat doses of methylene blue may be necessary for patients with profound methemoglobinemia. 

The victim should be removed from exposure. Treatment is symptomatic. If exposure is dermal or ocular the area should be flushed with excess amounts of water. If ingested vomiting should not be induced. 

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