Dermal fibrosis

Ethyl acrylate applied to the skin of mice three times per week for life caused dermatitis, dermal fibrosis, epidermal necrosis, and hyperkeratosis neoplastic changes were not observed. ... 

Studies by Hawkins et al. (1985) and Nishioka et al. (1987) showed increased numbers of mast cells were present in clinically involved skin in early cutaneous systemic sclerosis but not in later disease. Seibold et al. (1990) however found increased numbers of mast cells in both involved and uninvolved skin in both early and late disease, and also provided evidence of increased mast cell degranulation in early but not late disease, suggesting that increases in mast cell numbers and degranulation precede clinically apparent dermal fibrosis. A study by Falanga and Julien (1990) found elevated H levels in the plasma of patients with systemic sclerosis, providing evidence of mast cell activation. 

The histopathologic examination of affected skin showed thickening of the fascia, deep dermal fibrosis, and accumulation of mononuclear cells and eosinophils. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemi-cal studies have demonstrated increased production of type I and type VI collagen in the extracellular... 

Small lesions were observed to heal slowly by centripetal spread of peripheral epidermal cells and dermal fibrosis if dermal damage had occurred. Again, the increase in melanin production was characteristic. 

Christner PJ, Artlett CM, Conway RF, Jimenez SA (2000) Increased numbers of microchimeric cells of fetal origin are associated with dermal fibrosis in mice following injection of vinyl chloride. Arthritis Rheum, 43 2598-2605. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. There is a paucity of data on respiratory effects following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids. The only available information for humans comes from a case report of a child ingesting a lethal dose of an automotive transmission fluid, which was most likely a mineral oil hydraulic fluid. Lipoid pneumonia with marked fibrosis was observed (Perrot and Palmer... 

There is no evidence that inhalation exposures in occupational settings cause the rapid progressive pulmonary fibrosis and injury to the heart, liver, and kidneys that occur after ingestion. Because of the low vapor pressure, there is little inhalation hazard. Spray droplets are usually too large to reach the alveoli. If exposure is excessive, droplets may be inhaled into the upper respiratory tract and cause nosebleed, sore throat, headache, and coughing from local irritant action. Rarely, dermal exposure to paraquat has resulted in systemic poisonings and deaths with renal and pulmonary... 

Silicosis, a form of pulmonary fibrosis, is the primary health problem resulting from inhalation exposure to particles of crystalline silica (SSDC, 1988 NIOSH, 2002 Castranova, 2000 Castranova and VaUyathan, 2000). Other diseases associated with occupational inhalation exposure to crystalline silica include lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nonmalignant respiratory disease, auto-immune related diseases (such as rheumatioid arthritis), renal diseases, and (as a complication of silicosis) increased risk of bacterial or fungal infections such as tuberculosis. Skin granulomas or obstructive lymphopathies may result from dermal exposure and uptake of silica particles (NIOSH, 2002). 

Abraham JL, Thakral C, Skov L, Rossen K, Marckmann P Dermal inorganic gadolinium concentrations Evidence for n vrVo trans-metallation and long-term persistence in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. BrJDermatol 158 273-280,2008. 

Hawkins, RA., Claman, H.N., Clark, RA.F. and Steigerwald, J.C. (1985). Increased dermal mast cell populations in progressive systemic sclerosis a link in chronic fibrosis Ann. Intern. Med. 102, 182-186. 

Cobalt is an essential nutrient at low levels ( 40mgday ). In industrial settings, inhalation of high concentrations of cobalt compounds has led to hard-metal pneumoconiosis, which may result in interstitial fibrosis. Workers with this condition typically develop hypersensitivity to cobalt compounds (symptoms include coughing and wheezing). A few workers have developed skin hypersensitivity after dermal contact with cobalt and its compounds. Cobalt can cause cardiomyopathy and (if inhaled as a dust) interstitial lung disease. 

Takagi et al.,99 using fibroblast (human dermal) cultures, studied the effects of EBT on fibroblast-DNA and collagen synthesis. They reported that EBT was a potent stimulant for fibroblast activation and collagen synthesis and may possibly provide a mechanism for the development of fibrosis in EMS. 

Mouse (CD-1) once Dermal 5000 M (late chronic fibrosis) Randall and Coggle 1995 "Sr Y... 

Cobalt is an essential element. Its deficiency can result in pernicious anemia. It is present in vitamin B12. Excessive intake of this element may result in polycythemia or overproduction of erythrocytes and heart lesions. Exposure to its dusts can produce cough and respiratory irritation. Chronic inhalation of its dusts or fumes can decrease pulmonary functions and may cause diffuse nodular fibrosis and other pulmonary diseases. Skin contact may induce dermal hypersensitivity reactions, producing an allergy-type dermatitis. 

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