Depressive disorders reactive

In clinical psychiatric terms, the affective disorders can be subdivided into unipolar and bipolar disorders. Unipolar depression is also known as psychotic depression, endogenous depression, idiopathic depression and major depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder is now recognised as being heterogeneous bipolar disorder I is equivalent to classical manic depressive psychosis, or manic depression, while bipolar disorder II is depression with hypomania (Dean, 2002). Unipolar mania is where periods of mania alternate with periods of more normal moods. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) refers to depression with its onset most commonly in winter, followed by a gradual remission in spring. Some milder forms of severe depression, often those with an identifiable cause, may be referred to as reactive or neurotic depression. Secondary depression is associated with other illnesses, such as neuro-degenerative or cardiovascular diseases, and is relatively common. 

Amoxapine Relief of depressive symptoms in patients with neurotic or reactive depressive disorders and endogenous and psychotic depression depression accompanied by anxiety or agitation. 

A considerable number of tricyclic antidepressants have been developed in the past, although with slight differences in their pharmacological activities, ah with similar efficacy. They are primarily indicated for the treatment of endogenous depression. However this does not exclude efficacy in patients in whom the depression is associated with organic disease or in patients with reactive depression or depression combined with anxiety. They may also benefit patients during the depressive phase of manic-depressive disorder. For some also efficacy has been claimed in panic states, phobic disorders, and in obsessive-compulsive disorders. 

These agents are effective in the treatment of a variety of depressive disorders like endogenous depression, depression associated with organic disease, reactive depression and depression combined with... 

Depressive disorders are the most prevalent of psychiatric illnesses, occurring more often among women (16%) than among men (8%). Depression, a recurrent but self-limiting disorder, is classified as (1) exogenous or reactive depression or as (2) endogenous depression. Depression is further... 

It is helpful to first view depressive disorders as falling broadly into three primary groups reactive sadness, grief, and clinical depression. 

Depression is a common condition with both psychologic and physical manifestations. The three major types of depression are (1) reactive depression, a response to external events (2) bipolar affective (manic-depressive) disorder, described in Chapter 29 and (3) major depressive disorder, or endogenous depression, a depression of mood without any obvious medical or situational causes. The drugs used in major depressive disorder are the subject of this chapter. 

These data show that for three psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and unipolar depression) the genetic contribution is over 50% but for reactive depression (in response to a traumatic life event ) and tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by a species of Mycobacterium, environmental factors account for over 90% of the variance. 

Causes of psychogenic ED include malaise, reactive depression or performance anxiety, sedation, Alzheimer s disease, hypothyroidism, and mental disorders. Patients with psychogenic ED generally have a higher response rate to interventions than patients with organic ED. 

For many years, antidepressant medication was infreqnently nsed in the treatment of dysthymic disorder. The reasons are not entirely apparent. One possible explanation is the prevalent view of dysthymic disorder as a reactive phenomenon that arises out of psychodynamic conflict in contrast to major depression that is often... 

Stress is thought to be an important factor in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders. It seems possible that the reduced stress reactivity of NKl receptor- and tael-deficient mice has contributed to the behavioral phenotypes observed in the animal models of anxiety and depression. 

It is indicated in neurotic, reactive, masked endogenous, recurrent depression depression with insomnia, depression, enuresis, panic disorder, neurogenic pain, urticaria and nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy maniac depressive psychosis in depressive phase. 

Beck et al. (38) reported that hopelessness in the context of major depression was the MDD symptom most often associated with suicide. This finding was replicated by Fawcett et al. (39), who found that hopelessness with anhedonia, mood cycling within an episode, loss of mood reactivity, and psychotic delusions were high-risk factors for a subsequent suicide. Soloff and associates ( 40) also found that hopelessness and impulse aggression independently increased the risk of suicidal behavior in patients with borderline personality disorder and in patients with major depression. Negative life events (e.g., the death of a loved one or humiliating events such as financial ruin) often precede suicide. 

Complicating the proper assessment and, by implication, the most appropriate therapy for many patients, is the very real possibility of neuropsychiatric syndromes that may mimic classic psychiatric disorders, exacerbate them, or coexist with such disorders as major depression, panic attacks, and brief reactive psychosis. Thus, the CNS may be affected by various primary malignancies or secondary metastases cardiovascular disorders, leading to ischemic episodes or hemorrhagic events and several HIV-related complications. 

Reactive depressive syndromes, including adjustment disorders... 

Reactive Loss (adverse life events). Physical illness (myocardial infarct, cancer). Drugs (antihypertensives, alcohol, hormones). Other psychiatric disorders (senility). More than 60% of all depressions. Core depressive syndrome depression, anxiety, bodily complaints, tension, guilt. May respond spontaneously or to a variety of ministrations. 

In either case, the anxiety-like phenotype of SERT KO mice fits well with data associating human SERT polymorphisms to affective disorders. The human SERT promoter contains a 44-basepair variable repeat sequence that commonly exists in either a short (s) or long (1) form, and the s allele is generally associated with lower SERT expression and activity. Furthermore, the s allele has been tied to increased amygdala reactivity to fearful faces (199), anxiety symptoms (200), and an increased probability of depressive episodes after significant life stressors (201). These findings are similar to those seen in the SERT KO mice in both cases, lower SERT activity is associated with negative affective behavior. 

Robins E, Guze SB (1972) Classification of affective disorders The primary-secondary, the endogenous-reactive, and the neurotic-psychotic concepts. In Recent Advances in Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses, Proceedings of a Workshop Sponsored by the NIMH (Williams TA, Katz MM, Shield JA, eds), Washington, D.C. U.S. GPO. 

Classic reactive depressions (sometimes referred to as psychological depressions) can range in intensity from mild or moderate (for example, adjustment disorders with depressed mood) to severe (major depression). These disorders occur in response to identifiable psychosocial stressors. These stressors may be acute and intense (such as loss of a loved one), insidious (as in the case of a gradual deterioration in the quality of marital relationship), or in the distant past (for example, the emotions experienced by a survivor of child abuse who in adulthood begins to recall long-forgotten abusive events). 

In its pure form, reactive depression can present with severe levels of symptomatology, yet basic physical functions (sleep, energy levels, and so on) are relatively unaffected. Note that many reactive depressions do take on biological features, as will be described below, but the pure reactive disorder noted here is seen without major physiological symptoms. 

Finally, patients must be in the proper mental frame of mind to be receptive to sexual stimuli. Patients who suffer from malaise, have reactive depression or performance anxiety, are sedated, have Alzheimer s disease, have hypothyroidism, or have mental disorders, commonly complain of erectile dysfunction. In most studies, patients with psychogenic erectile dysfunction generally exhibit a higher response rate to various interventions than do patients with organic erectile dysfunction, as their disease is often less severe. 

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