Delusions psychotic

Hyperpnea up to 6 months) Hypo /hyperthermia (new horns) Muscular hypo-/hyper tonus Ataxia, irritability, sleep disturbance (children) Asterixis, delusions, psychotic behavior (>10 years) Mental retardation Respiratory alkalosis... 

Sensorium. Patients with PCP intoxication can have a clear sensorium, or they can be disoriented, confused, stuporous, lethargic, or comatose. Signs of cerebral stimulation, such as pressured speech, verbigerations, and echolalia, may also occur. Frank psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, and paranoid ideation, are not unusual. 

First, two-drug combinations lithium3 or valproate3 plus an atypical antipsychotic (e.g., olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) for shortterm adjunctive treatment of psychotic features (e.g., delusions or hallucinations)... 

A little girl of 1 7 in a mental hospital told me she was terrified because the atom bomb was inside her. That is a delusion. The statesmen of the world who boast and threaten that they have Doomsday weapons are far more dangerous and far more estranged from reality than many of the people on whom the label "psychotic" is fixed. 

Schizophrenia is a chronic, complex psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. The chronic nature of the illness, in addition to the early age of onset, results in direct and indirect health care expenditures in the U.S., which amount to approximately 30 to 64 billion dollars per year [4]. It is perhaps the most devastating of psychiatric disorders, with approximately 10% of patients committing suicide. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that overactivity at dopaminergic synapses in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the mesolimbic system, causes the psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions) of schizophrenia. Roth and Meltzer [5] have provided a review of the literature and have concluded a role for serotonin as well in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. The basic premise of their work stems from the known interaction between the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. 

Long-term amphetamine abuse results in many damaging effects, not least of which is addiction. Chronic abusers exhibit symptoms that can include violent behavior, anxiety, confusion, and insomnia. They also can display a number of psychotic features, including paranoia, auditory hallucinations, mood disturbances, and delusions (for example, the sensation of insects creeping on the skin). The paranoia can result in homicidal as well as suicidal thoughts. 

Emotional symptoms may include diminished ability to experience pleasure, loss of interest in usual activities, sadness, pessimistic outlook, crying spells, hopelessness, anxiety (present in almost 90% of depressed outpatients), feelings of guilt, and psychotic features (e.g., auditory hallucinations, delusions). 

Although hallucinations and delusions are common symptoms of schizophrenia, psychotic mood disorders (depressive or bipolar), and a few other disorders,... 

Chronic cocaine use can cause a syndrome of insomnia, hallucinations, delusions, and apathy. This syndrome develops around the time when the euphoria turns to a paranoid psychosis, which resembles paranoid schizophrenia. Further, after cessation of cocaine use, the hallucinations may stop, but the delusions can persist. Still, the incidence of a persistent cocaine-induced psychosis appears to be rare. One study found only 4 out of 298 chronic cocaine users receiving a diagnosis of psychotic disorder (Rounsaville et al. 1991). This incidence is approximately the... 

Again, the character of the patient s prior episodes, premorbid functioning, and family history all are helpful. By definition, schizophrenia is marked by a 6-month decline in social and occupational functioning that is seldom seen in bipolar illness. In addition, the delusions and hallucinations of schizophrenia are present during periods of normal mood, whereas bipolar patients only experience psychotic symptoms in the context of severe mood disturbance (i.e., mania or depression). 

Brief Psychotic Disorder. This disorder occurs in the immediate aftermath of a markedly stressful event (or series of events). It is marked by emotional turmoil in conjunction with one or more psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganization, or catatonia. On presentation, a brief psychotic disorder can be difficult to distinguish from psychotic depression or mania. The presence of a precipitating stressor is not always helpful, because episodes of psychotic mood disorders (especially early in the course of illness) are also commonly triggered by stressful life events. Careful evaluation for symptoms of emerging depression or... 

Mood Disorder with Psychotic Features. One subtype of major depression and many episodes of mania are associated with psychotic symptoms. Like schizophrenia, the most prominent psychotic symptoms of psychotic depression or mania are delusions and auditory hallucinations. Unless a longitudinal history is available, it is often difficult to distinguish schizophrenia from a psychotic mood disorder. 

When a patient with OCD has impaired insight, the distinction between obsession and delusion becomes blurred. We would argue that such a patient is in fact delusional. The with poor insight specifier is therefore the OCD equivalent to the with psychotic features specifier applied to the mood disorders. There may in fact be a continuum of insight in patients with OCD that fluctuates over time. For example, patients with OCD may recognize that their preoccupation with an obsessional idea or compulsive ritual is excessive, yet they may remain insistent that the premise underlying their anxiety is entirely reasonable. 

Psychosis for demented patients usually takes the form of paranoid delusions. Demented patients may believe family members have turned against them, or they may misidentify their loved ones as intruders in their home. Although hallucinations are not listed in the DSM-IV criteria, they may also occur. When psychosis occurs in a demented patient, it is a serious problem. It is very distressful to the patient, makes it difficult (if not impossible) for family members to provide care, may lead to episodes of violence, and commonly leads patients to be hospitalized or placed in nursing homes. Fortunately, most patients with dementia do not develop delusions or other psychotic symptoms. 

Delusions/Psychosis. Demented patients who are acutely psychotic and agitated should be treated in much the same manner as demented patients with delirium. Low doses of a high potency conventional antipsychotic like haloperidol were once preferred. This was mainly because it can be given both orally and by injection. In recent years, the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone, which is now also available in oral and injectable forms, has superseded haloperidol as the preferred agent when treating the acutely psychotic and agitated patient with dementia. As previously noted, ziprasidone affords the same tranquilizing benefit as haloperidol, it can now be administered via injection when necessary, and it avoids the problematic extrapyramidal symptoms of haloperidol to which patients with dementia are often keenly sensitive. 

Psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized thinking may be both a transient and a chronic complication after TBI. Furthermore, psychotic... 

The French physician, Jacques Joseph Moreau, remains the most-cited connection between cannabis and the art community. Moreau first used hashish while traveling through the Middle East in the 1830s. He assumed that cannabis-induced sensations might model the hallucinations and delusions common in psychotic individuals. He had hoped that this research might help the treatment of the mentally ill. The outspoken hedonist and popular novelist, Theophile Gautier assisted Moreau in this research. He not only participated himself, but he also recruited other members of Frances artistic community. This group of hedonists and experimenters met monthly in an old mansion in Paris which was known at the time as the Club Des Hachichins (Hashish Club). For historical reviews on cannabis, see Abel and Mechoulam. ... 

Hallucinosis/psychotic-like symptoms. Tizanidine use has been associated with hallucinations. Formed, visual hallucinations or delusions have been reported. 

ECG pt is predisposed to overheating during ejqwsure to high temps OD May cause CNS stimulation followed by CNS dqjression, and may include psychotic Sxs such as delusions, anxiety and restlessness, wiU also cause widespread antimus-carinic Sxs (dilated pupils, flushed skin, dry mucous membranes) symptomatic and supportive... 

Accordingly, several of the neurochemical and neuroanatomical systems considered to be involved in arousal and consciousness, i.e. Meynert nucleus, pontine reticular formation, locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus with their cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic afferents (Delacourt, 1995) are affected in PD. In addition, the dopamine system, in particular the mesolim-bocortical system, is involved in cognition and motivation, and possibly in the emergence of positive psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. 

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