Dependence specific drugs

These drugs dilate the pupil (mydriasis), constrict superficial blood vessels of the sclera, and decrease the formation of aqueous humor. Depending on the specific drug and strength, these dru may be used before eye surgery in the treatment of glaucoma, for relief of minor eye irritation, and to dilate the pupil for examination of the eye... 

The expected outcomes of the patient depend on the specific drug, dose, route of administration, and reason for administration of an electrolyte but may include an... 

Gossop, M.R., and Roy, A. Hostility in drug dependent individuals Its relation to specific drugs, and oral or intravenous use. Br J Psychiatry 128 188-193, 1976. 

The incidence of torsades de pointes in the population at large is unknown. The incidence of torsades de pointes associated with specific drugs ranges from less than 1% to as high as 8% to 10%, depending on dose and plasma concentration of the drug and the presence of other risk factors for the arrhythmia. 

The most important application recently developed for synthetic liposomes is as potential drug carriers for controlled release, especially for cancer chemotherapy (7). In general, the success of liposomes as vehicles for the transport of specific drugs will largely depend on their stability under physiological conditions. Unlike the naturally occurring membranes, the synthetic vesicles have very limited stability, and this is a... 

A drug should always be ingested with a cup of water ( 8 oz) to insure easy transit down the esophagus and to provide fluid for disintegration and dissolution. Whether or not the drug should be taken on an empty stomach (e.g., enteric-coated tablets) or with food will depend upon the specific drug as noted above. 

Colon-specific drug delivery is primarily dependent on two physiological factors, the pH and the transit time. 

For anti-tumour drugs, Ozawa et cd. [27] proposed the following models. For cell cycle phase non-specific drugs (type I drug), the cytotoxic activity depends on the drug exposure, as reflected in the area under the intracellular concentration-time profile (AUC), and can be modelled using the following formula [2,28] ... 

The cytotoxic activity of cell cycle phase specific drugs (type II drugs) is time-dependent, and is different for cells in the sensitive phase (As) and in the resistant phase (Ar), as described as follows [2,27,28] ... 

Buspirone is an extremely specific drug that could possibly represent a new chemical class of anxiolytics—azaspirones. As an anxiolytic, its activity is equal to that of benzodiazepines however, it is devoid of anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant properties, which are characteristic of benzodiazepines. It does not cause dependence or addiction. The mechanism of its action is not conclusively known. It does not act on the GABA receptors, which occurs in benzodiazepine use however, it has a high affinity for seratonin (5-HT) receptors and a moderate affinity for dopamine (D2) receptors. Buspirone is effective as an anxiolytic. A few side effects of buspirone include dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, nervousness, fatigue, and weakness. This drug is intended for treatment of conditions of anxiety in which stress, muscle pain, rapid heart rate, dizziness, fear, etc. are observed in other words, conditions of anxiety not associated with somewhat common, usual, and everyday stress. Synonyms for buspirone are anizal, axoren, buspar, buspimen, buspinol, narol, travin, and others. 

Glucocorticoids induce cataract formation, particularly in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. An increase in intraocular pressure related to a decreased outflow of aqueous humor is also a frequent side effect of periocular, topical, or systemic administration. Induction of ocular hypertension, which occurs in about 35% of the general population after glucocorticoid administration, depends on the specific drug, the dose, the frequency of administration, and the glucocorticoid responsiveness of the patient. 

Therefore, complementarity between an asymmetric drug and its asymmetric receptor is often a criterion of drug activity. The effects of highly active or highly specific drugs depend more upon such complementarity than do those of weakly active drugs. Occasionally, the stereoselectivity of a drug is based on a specific and preferential metabolism of one isomer over the other, or on a biotransformation that selectively removes one isomer. Such... 

The physiologic state induced by general anesthetics typically includes analgesia, amnesia, loss of consciousness, inhibition of sensory and autonomic reflexes, and skeletal muscle relaxation. The extent to which any individual anesthetic agent can produce these effects depends on the specific drug, the dosage, and the clinical situation. 

If the application is for a biological system, wherein the objective is to isolate or quantitate a specific drug and its metabolite which is known, then the chemist can proceed to work with the compounds directly. In most cases, however, the chemist must be prepared to resolve the unexpected compound, which is not all that difficult, depending on the equipment available. The possibility that a thermal environment, such as GC, can initiate a reaction involving a labile drug or metabolite can be distressing, to say the least. Sample preparation usually includes some isolation technique which restricts classes of compounds. The need for sample cleanup will depend on the nature of the sample (see Section 12.3). The point here is that there will be some sample preparation as the first step in the analysis which will provide an initial "cleanup" of the sample. 

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