Alcohol densities

Mix 31 g. (29-5 ml.) of benzyl alcohol (Section IV, 123 and Section IV,200) and 45 g. (43 ml.) of glacial acetic acid in a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask introduce 1 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid and a few fragments of porous pot. Attach a reflux condenser to the flask and boil the mixture gently for 9 hours. Pour the reaction mixture into about 200 ml. of water contained in a separatory funnel, add 10 ml. of carbon tetrachloride (to eliminate emulsion formation owing to the slight difference in density of the ester and water, compare Methyl Benzoate, Section IV,176) and shake. Separate the lower layer (solution of benzyl acetate in carbon tetrachloride) and discard the upper aqueous layer. Return the lower layer to the funnel, and wash it successively with water, concentrated sodium bicarbonate solution (until effervescence ceases) and water. Dry over 5 g. of anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and distil under normal pressure (Fig. II, 13, 2) with the aid of an air bath (Fig. II, 5, 3). Collect the benzyl acetate a (colourless liquid) at 213-215°. The yield is 16 g. 

When dealing with esters of water-soluble, non steam-volatile, poly-hydric alcohols e.g., ethylene glycol or glycerol), the distillate consists of water only (density 1 00). The water soluble, non-volatile alcohol may be isolated by evaporation of the alkahne solution to a thick syrup on a water bath and extraction of the polyhydric alcohol from the salt with cold ethyl alcohol. 

All liquid alcohols have densities of approximately 0 8 g/mL and are therefore less dense than water... 

Alcoholometer. This hydrometer is used in determining the density of aqueous ethyl alcohol solutions the reading in degrees is numerically the same as the percentage of alcohol by volume. The scale known as Tralle gives the percentage by volume. Wine and Must hydrometer relations are given below. 

The strength of dispersion interaction of a solid with a gas molecule is determined not only by the chemical composition of the surface of the solid, but also by the surface density of the force centres. If therefore this surface density can be sufficiently reduced by the pre-adsorption of a suitable substance, the isotherm may be converted from Type II to Type III. An example is rutile, modified by the pre-adsorption of a monolayer of ethanol the isotherm of pentane, which is of Type II on the unmodified rutile (Fig. 5.3, curve A), changes to Type III on the treated sample (cf. Fig. 5.3 curve B). Similar results were found with hexane-l-ol as pre-adsorbate. Another example is the pre-adsorption of amyl alcohol on a quartz powder... 

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The physical constants of furfuryl alcohol are Hsted in Table 1. When exposed to heat, acid or air the density and refractive index of furfuryl alcohol changes owing to chemical reaction (51), and the rate of change in these properties is a function of temperature and time of exposure. 

Dichloroacetic acid [79-43-6] (CI2CHCOOH), mol wt 128.94, C2H2CI2O2, is a reactive intermediate in organic synthesis. Physical properties are mp 13.9°C, bp 194°C, density 1.5634 g/mL, and refractive index 1.4658, both at 20°C. The Hquid is totally miscible in water, ethyl alcohol, and ether. Dichloroacetic acid K = 5.14 X 10 ) is a stronger acid than chloroacetic acid. Most chemical reactions are similar to those of chloroacetic acid, although both chlorine... 

HDPE, high density polyethylene PP, polypropylene EVA, ethylene—vinyl alcohol SMC, sheet-molding compound ERP, fiber-reinforced plastic LDPE, low density polyethylene PE, polyethylene BMC, bulk mol ding compound TPE, thermoplastic elastomer. 

TiF is a colorless, very hygroscopic soHd and is classified as a soft fluorinating reagent (4), fluorinating chlorosilanes to fluorosilanes at 100°C. It also forms adducts, some of them quite stable, with ammonia, pyridine, and ethanol. TiF sublimes at 285.5°C, and melts at temperatures >400° C. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and pyridine, hydroly2ing in the former, and has a density of 2.79 g/mL. 

Methylene iodide [75-11-6], CH2I2, also known as diio dome thane, mol wt 267.87, 94.76% I, mp 6.0°C, and bp 181°C, is a very heavy colorless Hquid. It has a density of 3.325 g/mL at 20°C and a refractive index of 1.7538 at 4°C. It darkens in contact with air, moisture, and light. Its solubiHty in water is 1.42 g/100 g H2O at 20°C it is soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ben2ene, and ether. Methylene iodide is prepared by reaction of sodium arsenite and iodoform with sodium hydroxide reaction of iodine, sodium ethoxide, and hydroiodic acid on iodoform the oxidation of iodoacetic acid with potassium persulfate and by reaction of potassium iodide and methylene chloride (124,125). Diiodoform is used for determining the density and refractive index of minerals. It is also used as a starting material in the manufacture of x-ray contrast media and other synthetic pharmaceuticals (qv). 

Iron(III) hydroxide [1309-33-7], FeH02, is a red-brown amorphous material that forms when a strong base is added to a solution of an iron(III) salt. It is also known as hydrated iron(III) oxide. The fully hydrated Fe(OH)3 has not been isolated. The density of the material varies between 3.4-3.9 g/cm, depending on its extent of hydration. It is insoluble in water and alcohol, but redissolves in acid. Iron(III) hydroxide loses water to form Fe203. Iron(III) hydroxide is used as an absorbent in chemical processes, as a pigment, and in abrasives. Salt-free iron(III) hydroxide can be obtained by hydrolysis of iron(III) alkoxides. 

Commercial cmde lecithin is a brown to light yeUow fatty substance with a Hquid to plastic consistency. Its density is 0.97 g/mL (Uquid) and 0.5 g/mL (granule). The color is dependent on its origin, process conditions, and whether it is unbleached, bleached, or filtered. Its consistency is deterrnined chiefly by its oil, free fatty acid, and moisture content. Properly refined lecithin has practically no odor and has a bland taste. It is soluble in aflphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, including the halogenated hydrocarbons however, it is only partially soluble in aflphatic alcohols (Table 5). Pure phosphatidylcholine is soluble in ethanol. 

In methacrylic ester polymers, the glass-transition temperature, is influenced primarily by the nature of the alcohol group as can be seen in Table 1. Below the the polymers are hard, brittle, and glass-like above the they are relatively soft, flexible, and mbbery. At even higher temperatures, depending on molecular weight, they flow and are tacky. Table 1 also contains typical values for the density, solubiHty parameter, and refractive index for various methacrylic homopolymers. 

Plasticizer Abbreviation Alcoho 1 carbon numbe r Alcohol CAS Registry Number Density at 20°C, g/cm ... 

Sodium erl -Butylate. Sodium / i -butoxide [865-48-5] (CH2)3CONa, mol wt 96.1, is a pale yellow, free-flowing, caustic, hygroscopic powder purity 95—99% bulk density 0.3—0.4 g/mL fairly soluble in alcohols, sparingly soluble in ether and hydrocarbons. 

Potassium Methylate. Potassium methoxide [865-33-8] KOCH, mol wt 70.13, is a fine, free-flowing, yellowish-white, caustic, hygroscopic powder purity 96.5—99% powder density after loose shaking, 0.75 g/mL apparent density (packing weight), 1.00 g/mL medium grain size, 0.05 —0.8 mm easily soluble in alcohols (33% in methanol at 20°C), insoluble in hydrocarbons. 

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