Densities, of salt solutions

The density of salt solution varies linearly with concentration, according to... 

In this study, the solubilities of carbon dioxide were represented by the Bunsen absorption coefficients and their values given in Table I for lithium chloride and in Table II for calcium chloride. The densities of salt solutions are... 

Aluminum is amphoteric, and this has been illustrated in Chapter 10 both for water as the solvent and for some nonaqueous solvents. Because of the high charge density of Al3+, solutions of aluminum salts are acidic as a result of hydrolysis. 

Adding salt to water increases the density of a solution. This effect is discussed in greater detail in the next chapter. As shown in Table 2.3, the presence of salt alters other physical properties. 

Cells were transferred from an overnight liquid culture to fresh medium and grown overnight ( 18 h) on a gyrorotary shaker at room temperature. The cells were harvested by centrifugation (11,000 g, 10 min) and resuspended in sterile assay buffer (0.01 M phosphate buffer, Na salt, 0.26 M NaCl, pH 6.78 the pH prior to sterilization was 7.20). The cell concentration was adjusted to approximately 5 x 108/mL as judged by optical density of the solution. The actual numbers in dilutions of the cell suspensions were determined by direct counts. E. cloacae was grown as described, except that the M9 contained 0.5 g/L of NaCl. 

Crystal density is measured in a graduated cylinder by suspending the crystal in a density gradient made by mixing water-saturated organic solvents such as xylene and carbon tetrachloride. The crystal will settle through the liquid until its density matches that of the liquid mixture and then remain suspended there. Drops of salt solutions of known density are used to calibrate the gradient. 

Molar concentration units were converted into molal units using the partial molar volume of the salt. (W e assume that RNA and other buffer components are present in such low concentrations that the density of the solution is not significantly different than a solution of water and salt alone.) The formula is... 

Here n v is the mean number density of ions of valence v of the solution s bathing regions i = L, m, or R. (By the net neutrality of salt solutions, with the summation over all mobile-ion valences, co / i vri v = 0.)... 

Recently viscosity, density and index of refraction measurements have been recorded for some liquid alkylsydnones (77MI42100). For example, for 3-methylsydnone at 40 °C the viscosity is 5.501 cP, the density is 1.3085 gem-3 and the index of refraction nD is 1.515. Measurements on the conductance of salt solutions in 3-methylsydnone are also available (80MI42111). 

A solution of 200 grams of cobalt ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2S04.CoS04.6H20, equivalent to 145 grams of the anhydrous salt, in one litre of water. The density of the solution is 1-053 at 15° C. 

The density of a solution of ferrous sulphate, saturated and in contact with crystals of the salt, at 8 9° C. is 1-1949.1... 

At 25° C., 20-725 grams of Na4Fe(CN)6 dissolve in 100 grams of water,1 the density of the solution being 1-0595. It yields beautiful monoclimc crystals, pale yellow in colour. Alcohol precipitates the nondhydrate, Na4Fe(CN)6.9H20, from the aqueous solution of the salt. 

The density of a solution 25.0% by mass sodium chloride (table salt) in water is 1.19 g/mL. Calculate the mass of sodium chloride in 842 mL of the solution. 

Many properties of electrolytic solutions are additive functions of the properties of the respective ions this is at once evident from the fact that the chemical properties of a salt solution are those of its constituent ions. For example, potassium chloride in solution has no chemical reactions which are characteristic of the compound itself, but only those of potassium and chloride ions. These properties are possessed equally by almost all potassium salts and all chlorides, respectively. Similarly, the characteristic chemical properties of acids and alkalis, in aqueous solution, are those of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, respectively. Certain physical properties of electrolytes are also additive in nature the most outstanding example is the electrical conductance at infinite dilution. It will be seen in Chap. II that conductance values can be ascribed to all ions, and the appropriate conductance of any electrolyte is equal to the sum of the values for the individual ions. The densities of electrolytic solutions have also been found to be additive functions of the properties of the constituent ions. The catalytic effects of various acids and bases, and of mixtures with their salts, can be accounted for by associating a definite catalytic coefl5.cient with each type of ion since undissociated molecules often have appreciable catalytic properties due allowance must be made for their contribution. 

Earlier work indicated that the volumes of aqueous salt solutions are, in general, additively composed of parts characteristic of the ions, but there is an effect of concentration. Valson found that the density of a solution con-... 

Walker found the relation between viscosity, density ( ) and temperature of salt solutions ... 

Valsonio applied a law of moduli, based on his results for densities ( 4. VIIIB), to the effect that the ascent of equivalent solutions of salts in the same capillary tube is the sum of two constants, one depending on the metal and the other on the, acid radical. VolkmannH found, however, that the product of capillary rise and density of the solutions used was practically constant, and Valson s results imply equal surface tensions, so that his law really concerns only the densities of equivalent solutions. Further measurements of the surface tensions of salt solutionsgave similar general results the value of a for the... 

Study on the rapid transport of a polymer in dextran solutions, first observed by Preston et al., is extended into two directions. They arc (1) enhancement effect on the transport rate of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) by the addition of a simple salt, and (2) extension to the transport of linear polyelectrolytes. The enhancement effect was observed on the structured flow as well as on the transport rate. The enhancement effect was correlated with the densities of the solutions in the lower compartment of the diffusion cell. The correlation was improved when the rate was corrected for the differences in viscosities. We have found that effects of charges on the polymers favor the rapid transport of polyacrylates (PA) and sodium hyaluronate. Counterion condensation was manifested in the transport rate of PA. Transport rates of several salts of PA in the absence of added salt increased linearly with their partial specific volumes in water. 

Saturated salt solution (20° C) contains 35.1 g NaCl per 100 g of water. What is its weight-formality The density of the solution is 1.197 g/ml. What is its formality ... 

All aqueous solutions have maxima of density, which occur at temperatures lower than 4°. The temperature of maximum density is lowered like the freezing point when a substance is dissolved in water, but to a much greater degree. According to the investigations of de Coppet, the lowering of the temperature of maximum density in salt solutions is proportional to their molecular concentration but the molecular lowering varies for each salt. 

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