Dementia and Alzheimer s disease

Table 13.1. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer s disease by age and gender.

Das U. (2008) Folic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cognitive function and prevent depression, dementia, and Alzheimer s disease — but how and why PLEFA 78 11-19. 

The statins may lower the risk of CHD by decreasing inflammation, an important component of atherogene-sis. Lovastatin decreased elevated plasma levels of C-reactive protein, a marker for cellular inflammation, and acute coronary events in patients with relatively low plasma cholesterol levels. Recent studies also suggest that use of statins may decrease the risk of stroke, dementia, and Alzheimer s disease and may improve bone... 

Meyer JS, Welch KM, Deshmukh VD Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi infarct dementia and Alzheimer s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 25 289-298, 1977... 

Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, et al Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease a randomized trial. Lancet 359 1283-1290, 2002a... 

It is important to emphasize that dementia and Alzheimer s disease are not synonymous terms. All Alzheimer s disease is dementia, but not all dementia is Alzheimer s... 

Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Wolf PA. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer s disease. N Engl J Med 2002 346(7) 476-483. 

Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S et aL (2002). Efficacy of galanthamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease a randomised trial. Lancet 359 1283-1290 Esiri MM, Nagy Z, Smith MZ et al. (1999). Cerebrovascular disease and threshold for dementia in the early stages of Alzheimer s disease. Lancet 354 919-920 Folstein ME, Robins LN, Helzer JE (1983). 

Smith MZ, Nagy Z, Esiri MM (1999) Cell cycle-related protein expression in vascular dementia and Alzheimer s disease. Neurosci Lett 271 45 8. 

A study published in the journal Neurological Research found that blood cells in the brain were heavily damaged by a slightly acidic state (6.6 pH). The researchers believe that acidity may play an important role in the development of dementia and Alzheimer s disease.3... 

In the early stages of vitamin B12 deficiency, classic signs and symptoms of megaloblastic anemia may not be evident and serum levels of vitamin B12 may be within normal limits. Therefore measurement of MMA and homocysteine is useful, as these parameters are often the first to change. Increased levels of serum MMA and homocysteine may be evident, as both of these are involved in enzymatic reactions dependent on vitamin Bn, and a deficiency in vitamin Bn allows for accumulation of these precursors. Elevations in MMA are more specific for vitamin Bn deficiency, while elevated homocysteine can be indicative of either vitamin Bn or folic acid deficiency, but offers greater specificity for folate plasma levels. Low levels of vitamin Bn result in hyperhomocysteinemia, which the majority of data suggest is an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular, coronary, and venous thromboembolic disease. Hyperhomocysteinemia may also be linked to dementia and Alzheimer s disease. ... 

Perry, E.K., Morris, C.M., Court, J.A., Cheng, A., Fairbairn, A.E., McKeth, I.G. et al., 1995. Alteration in nicotinic binding sites in Parkinson s disease, Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer s disease possible index of early neuropathology. Neuroscience 64, 385-395. 

Olson MI, Shaw CM (1969) Presenile dementia and Alzheimer s disease in mongolism. Brain 92 147-156... 

Disorders of the CNS can be divided into psychiatric (or mentai) disorders and neu-roiogicai disorders, aithough the distinction is not aiways ciear. Psychiatric disorders inciude types of depression, schizophrenia, anxiety and insomnia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neurological disorders include epilepsy and Parkinson s disease, dementia and Alzheimer s disease. 

Erkinjuntti, T Kurz, A., Gauthier, S, Bollock, R Lilicnfeld, S, and Damaraju, C. V. (2002). Efficacy of galantaminc in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer s disease combined with cerc-brova.scular disea.se A randomised trial, izrneef 359, 1283-1290. 

Katsel P, Li C, Haroutunian V (2007) Gene expression alterations in the sphingoUpid metabolism pathways during progression of dementia and Alzheimer s disease a shift toward ceramide accumulation at the earliest recognizable stages of Alzheimer s disease Neurochem Res... 

Ravalgia, G., Forti, P., Maioli, F., Maioli, F., Martelli, M., Servadei, L., Brunetti, N., Porcellini, E., and Licastro, F., 2005. Homocysteine and folate as risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer s disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 82 636-643. 

Donepezil (trade name Aricept) is a dmg used to improve cognitive function in patients suffering from dementia and Alzheimer s disease. 

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