Ischemic tolerance

Ecker P, Schnackerz K (1991) Ischemic tolerance of human skeletal muscle. Ann Plast Surg 26 77-84... 

Besides the variable functional outcome after ischemia in animal models, it is well established that specific neuronal populations within an individual vary substantially in ischemic tolerance. Neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and other distinct cellular populations of the caudate, thalamus, neocortex and cerebellum are selectively vulnerable to relatively brief periods of ischemia (Kirino and Sano 1984 Siesjo 1988). The reasons for this phenomenon are not fully elucidated, but for example in cerebellar Purkinje cells it could be shown that a reduced level of aldolase may trigger energy failure after brief periods of anoxia (Welsh et al. 2002). Changes in microcirculation, as seen in focal stroke,... 

It is interesting to note that, in the experimental setting, hyperthermic preconditioning has been suggested as a method for inducing ischemic tolerance (18). 

Zemke D, Smith JL, Reeves MJ et al. (2004). Ischemia and ischemic tolerance in the brain an overview. Neurotoxicology 25 895-904... 

Kai iko K, Weissman D, Welsli FA (2004) Inliibidon of toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling—a unifying dieme in ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24 1288—1304. 

Heat shock proteins are involved in an endogenous defense mechanism which antagonizes protein unfolding or misfolding occuring upon stress. They enhance cytoskel-etal stability, inhibit apoptosis and increase NO synthesis. Overexpession of heat shock proteins in the myocardium increases ischemic tolerance. 

M. Eynan, T. Knubuvetz, U. Mciri, G. Navon, G. Gerstenblith, Z. Bromberg, Y. Hasin and M. Horowitz, Heat acclimation-induced elevated glycogen, glycolysis, and low thyroxine improve heart ischemic tolerance, / Appl. Physiol. 93(6), 2095-2104 (2002). 

Kirino T. 2002. Ischemic tolerance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22 1283-1296. 

Kitagawa K, Matsumoto M, Tagaya M, Hata R> Ueda H, et al. 1990. Ischemic tolerance phenomenon found in the brain. Brain Res 528 21-24. 

Kawahara N, Wang Y, Mukasa A, Furuya K, Shimizu T, Hamakubo T, Abmatani H, Kodama T, Kirino T. Genomewide gene expression analysis for induced ischemic tolerance and delayed neuronal death following transient global ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004 24 212-223... 

Weih M, KaUenberg K, Bergk A, Dimagl U, Harms L, Wemecke KD, Einhaupl KM. Attenuated stroke severity after prodromal tia A role for ischemic tolerance in the brain Stroke. 1999 30 1851-1854... 

Dimagl U, Simon RP, HaUenbeck JM. Ischemic tolerance and endogenous nemoprotection. Trends Neurosci. 2003 26 248-254... 

Wada K, Miyazawa T, Nomura N, Tsuzuki N, Nawashiro H, Shima K. Preferential conditions for and possible mechanisms of induction of ischemic tolerance by repeated hyperbaric oxygenation in gerbil hippocampus. Neurosurgery. 2001 49 160-166 discussion 166-167... 

Kirino T, Nakagomi T, Kanemitsu H, Tamura A. Ischemic tolerance. Adv Neurol. 1996 71 505-511... 

Dirnagl, U., Simon, R. P., and Hallenbeck, J. M. (2003). Ischemic tolerance and endogenous neuroprotection. Trends Neurosci 26, 248-254. 

Beckman KB, Ames BN (1997) Oxidative decay of DNA. J Biol Chem 272 19633-19636 Benavides A, Pastor D, Santos P, Traque P, Calvo S (2005) CHOP plays a pivotal role in the astrocyte death induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation. GUa 52 261-275 Bergeron M, Gidday JM, Yu AY, Semenza GL, Ferriero DM, Sharp FR (2000) Role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in hypoxia-induced ischemic tolerance in neonatal rat brain. Ann Neurol 48 285-296... 

Zimmermann, C., Ginis, I., Furuya, K., Klimanis, D., Ruetzler, C., Spatz, M., and Hallenbeck, J.M. (2001) Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Ischemic Tolerance Is Associated with Increased Levels of Ceramide in Brain and in Plasma, Brain Res. 895,59-65. 

SchaUer, B. (2005) Ischemic preconditioning as induction of ischemic tolerance after transient ischemic attacks in human brain its clinical relevance. Neurosci. Lett., 377 206-211. 

Zimmermann, C. Ginis, L Furuya, K. Klimanis, D. Ruetzler, C. Spatz, M. Hallenbeck, J. M. Lipopolysaccharide-induced ischemic tolerance is associated with increased levels of ceramide in brain and in plasma. Brain Res. 2001, 895, 59-65. 

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