Definition and General Information

The lightfastness of a material is defined by the inherent ability of a given pigment-vehicle system to retain its initial color value upon exposure to daylight. It is thus a system-related parameter which cannot be determined in connection with pure pigment only. 

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Charcoal Encyclopedia definitions and general information on adsorption. http //www.encvclopedia.com... 

The information is arranged by commonly recognized categories. In some instances, definitions and general statements have been included for clarity. 

To understand the photophysical processes that occur in the silver halides, it is useful for the general reader to become familiar with some concepts that are part of the language of solid state physics. The following definitions and explanations are meant to be more qualitative than rigorous. Many introductory texts on solid state physics are available for more complete definitions and background information [5-9], The material outlined below was taken from these texts. 

The first step is immersion in the problem. At this stage, the idea is to define a problem precisely. To do so, you need to actively look for specific and general information on the issue. The response at this stage should always be to explicitly define which problem is actually to be solved. What need should be satisfied Many students will provide obvious solutions to problems at this stage. They should not be accepted as definitive. On the contrary, some time needs to be given to arrive to other solution possibilities. 

Section 2 combines the former separate section on Mathematics with the material involving General Information and Conversion Tables. The fundamental physical constants reflect values recommended in 1986. Physical and chemical symbols and definitions have undergone extensive revision and expansion. Presented in 14 categories, the entries follow recommendations published in 1988 by the lUPAC. The table of abbreviations and standard letter symbols provides, in a sense, an alphabetical index to the foregoing tables. The table of conversion factors has been modified in view of recent data and inclusion of SI units cross-entries for archaic or unusual entries have been curtailed. 

Indicate whether the chemical is manufactured (including imported), processed, or othen/vise used at the facility and the general nature of such activities and uses at the facility during the calendar year. Report activities that take place only at your facility, not activities that take place at other facilities involving your products. You must check all the blocks in this section that apply, tf you are a manufacturer of the chemical, you must check a and/or b, and at least one of c,.ji. e> orf. Refer to the definitions of manufacture," "process," and othenwise use" in the general information section of these instrilctions or section 372.3 of the rule for additional explanations. 

Soil has been defined in many ways, often depending upon the particular interests of the person proposing the definition. In discussion of the soil as an environmental factor in corrosion, no strict definitions or limitations will be applied rather, the complex interaction of all earthen materials will come within the scope of the discussion. It is obvious only a general approach to the topic can be given, and no attempt will be made to give full and detailed information on any single facet of the topic. 

In choosing these reservoirs to describe the P cycle, compromises were made to maintain a general focus and global scale and yet avoid being too general and hence lose information about important transfers and reservoirs. The following is a brief discussion of the rationale behind the choice of the reservoir definitions and their estimates. For the purpose of discussion, the reservoirs have been numbered as presented in Lerman et al. (1975) with the addition of the atmosphere (reservoir 8). The total P content of each reservoir and comments concerning the estimate are provided in Table 14-3. 

Boxed entries indicate required input from the user. This includes general "header" information and peak information. The definition for the first peak is shown. 

To be able to use MS/MS spectra library searching for general unknown screening, it is necessary to use an automatic process, called data dependent acquisition or information-dependent acquisition, to select the parent ions of interest, totally unexpected by definition, and to dissociate them and monitor their fragments. 

Even though the ranges for individual types often overlap, it may be possible to make a definite decision from information derived from other regions of the IR spectrum. Thus esters also exhibit strong C-0 stretching absorption between 1200 and 1300 cm- while carboxylic acids exhibit 0-H stretching absorption generally near 3000 cm-. ... 

The International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), second edition (ISO 1993a), defines uncertainty of measurement as the parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand (term 3.9). In the third edition (Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology 2007), the term measurement uncertainty is defined (term 2.27), and reasonably attributed is replaced by attributed to a measurand based on the information used. This definition emphasizes that the estimate of uncertainty is only as good as the information used to calculate it, so a report of an uncertainty should also state what information was used to calculate the uncertainty. 

If a statement of comparability at any confidence level needs to be made then other information is essential. The uncertainty of the results is needed [6], because only results accompanied by measurement uncertainty are comparable. To obtain consistent and useful measurement results, it is important that both a chain of comparisons to reference standards, and the uncertainties associated with these comparisons, are established. These principles lead directly to the definition of traceability in the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM) as Property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties [4]. 

Consequently, we were faced with the task of formulating a widely acceptable and consistent definition of bond activation . Our research, discussions, and analyses led to a conclusion that bond activation should refer to a process of increasing the reactivity of a bond in question and as such encompasses an entire spectrum of possible mechanisms. Also, we argue that activation is not equivalent to reaction or, in other words, that activation of a bond is not the same as cleavage of a bond. For the latter process we proposed the general term bond transformation . It should be emphasized that both bond activation and bond transformation are general terms and, therefore, information about the reaction and mechanism category should be specified by additional descriptors (cf. C-H bond arylation via electrophilic metalation, C-H bond metalation via concerted metal insertion). 

To understand chemical processes, it is useful to have information besides total energies. Electron localization methods provide insight on the behavior of electrons in molecules. Properties, such as electron density, spin density, and the electron pair localization function (EPLF) [33], can routinely be computed by post-processing. The EPLF provides a quantitative description of electron pairing in molecular systems and has similarities to the electron localization function (ELF) of Becke and Edgecombe [34]. The QMC method is a particularly well-suited approach for obtaining such information because the simple and general definition of EPLF is easily evaluated in QMC. 

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