Defining activation

Activation is a tremendously versatile and thus extremely imprecise term. A definition is made even more difficult by the fact that the socio-economic approach differs substantially from the legal approach. Activation also has a multi-faceted notion both in policy discourse and empirical research. 

In legal terms, activation is also highly ambiguous in none of the investigated countries a legal definition exists. Most countries legal regulations do not mention 

Duration and level of benefits 1. Classical active labour market  

Individual activity requirements case of taking up low-pay jobs 

Benefits may also differ and vary in legal construction. An entitlement to benefits provides the unemployed with more legal certainty and predictability. Discretionary benefits allow more flexibility but can result in unequal treatment. Furthermore, the legal arrangement depends on whether the focus of activation lies on benefits in kind, cash benefits, or supportive measures in the form of advice or custom-tailored measures. 

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This idea can be quantitatively expressed by defining activation hardness as the difference between the LUMO-HOMO gap for the reactant and that for the rr-complex intermedi-... 

A similar relationship relating the two activity coefficients can also be derived. We defined activity coefficients such that a =7i-V and a2 — f2x2 where the activities and activity coefficients are established for the standard state that corresponds to and p2, respectively. For both components, changes in the activity at constant temperature and pressure are given by... 

The minimum activity that defines ACTIVES in a PRIMARY SCREEN. It is usually expressed as percentage of inhibition or stimulation. For example, a widely used hit threshold is 50%. 

It has been emphasized repeatedly that the individual activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally. However, these values are required for a number of purposes, e.g. for calibration of ion-selective electrodes. Thus, a conventional scale of ionic activities must be defined on the basis of suitably selected standards. In addition, this definition must be consistent with the definition of the conventional activity scale for the oxonium ion, i.e. the definition of the practical pH scale. Similarly, the individual scales for the various ions must be mutually consistent, i.e. they must satisfy the relationship between the experimentally measurable mean activity of the electrolyte and the defined activities of the cation and anion in view of Eq. (1.1.11). Thus, by using galvanic cells without transport, e.g. a sodium-ion-selective glass electrode and a Cl -selective electrode in a NaCl solution, a series of (NaCl) is obtained from which the individual ion activity aNa+ is determined on the basis of the Bates-Guggenheim convention for acr (page 37). Table 6.1 lists three such standard solutions, where pNa = -logflNa+, etc. 

Flat plates or concentric cylinders may be utilized in the construction of an ionization chamber. The flat plate design is preferred because it has a well-defined active volume and ensures that ions will not collect on the insulators and cause a distortion of the electric field. The concentric cylinder design does not have a well-defined active volume because of the variation in the electric field as the insulator is approached. Ionization chamber construction differs from the proportional counter (flat plates or concentric cylinders vice a cylinder and central electrode) to allow for the integration of pulses produced by the incident radiation. The proportional counter would require such exact control of the electric field between the electrodes that it would not be practical. 

At equilibrium, all components of a mixture have the same molar free energy, i.e., the same chemical potential, in any phase in which they are present, and they have the same chemical potential as all other components. However it is not always convenient to use the same standard state for all components or even for the same component in all phases. Just as Equation 6 defines fugacity, Equation 7 or 8 defines activity. Furthermore, Equations 6-8 define / and a for all substances, not just gases. However we should keep in mind that we do not use the same standard state for a substance in all the phases, mixtures, or pure states in which it may occur or for all components of a mixture. 

Where neither defined active principles nor active markers are known, certain constituents of the botanical raw material and their extracts are chosen as candidates for quantitative determination. These markers aid in the positive identification of the article to be tested. In addition, maintaining a minimum content or a specified range of the analytical markers helps achieve standardization of the plant extract and arrive at suitable expiration date during stability studies. 

We will define activity in the following sections. For now, we will assume that activity and concentration are the same thing. 

Exposure assessment should describe the exposure scenarios of key populations undertaking defined activities. Such scenarios that are representative of the exposure of a particular (sub)population should, where possible, be described using both reasonable worst-case and typical exposures. The reasonable worst-case prediction should also consider upper estimates of the extreme use and reasonably foreseeable other uses. However, the exposure estimate should not be grossly exaggerated as a result of using maximum values that are correlated with each other. Exposure as a result of accidents or from abuse shall not be addressed. 

Receipt, handling, sampling and storage of test and reference items should be clearly defined activities, with well-defined procedures. Also procedures must be provided for the records that are to be kept as evidence of good practice and the identification information on storage containers. 

Most of the spectroscopic investigations discussed above were carried out on well-defined metallocene systems, either isolated species or those generated from a well-defined metallocene alkyl precursor activated with one equivalent of a borane or borate activator. Most practical polymerisation catalysts, on the other hand, include a scavenger, usually an aluminum alkyl, and may contain ill-defined activators such as methylaluminoxane (MAO), usually at high MAO/Zr ratios. Such systems are less amenable to quantitative studies nevertheless, the identifications of species such as those depicted in Schemes 8.5-8.8 has enabled similar compounds to be identified in more complex mixtures. An idea of the possible mode of action... 

In defining activities in a real gas mixture, the partial pressure of each component is replaced by its fugacity, fx... 

Gibson described the synthesis of four-coordinate cationic aluminium alkyls 1 which were reported to be well-defined aluminium polymerization catalysts [12]. However, the polydispersities of the products obtained were high (2.9-6.3), showing that there is not a single well-defined active species. The experiments were carried out in metal autoclaves, and Fe and Co complexes of pyridine-diimine ligands are extremely active in ethene polymerization [34], so a transition-metal impurity does not seem an unreasonable explanation. 

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