Upper estimate

This gives us an upper estimate for the modulus of our fibre-reinforced composite. The modulus cannot be greater than this, since the strain in the stiff fibres can never be greater than that in the matrix. 

The methods presented above give upper estimates of blast parameters. Since the measured blast parameters of actual pressure-vessel bursts vary widely, even under well-controlled conditions, and since these methods are based on a highly schematized model, the blast parameters of actual bursts may be much lower. 

In principle, if an estimate could be made of K, the equilibrium concentration ratio of hydrated to anhydrous cations, relation (15) would enable the approximate pA of the anhydrous species to be calculated. Although such an estimate may be derivable from absorption spectral data, no such calculation appears to have been reported. Conversely, if an upper estimate of pA is made from the (pAa)eqm value for the corresponding, appropriately methyl-substituted base, Eq. (15) can be used to furnish a lower limit to the extent of hydration in the cation. Taking quinazoline as an example ... 

With the relations R > SE or E < in view, we obtain for the operator B the upper estimate... 

We will find the probability P(t) for the system to pass the point q = q0/2 up to the moment of time t. This probability gives the upper estimate for the transition probability since, in principle, there are trajectories for which the system goes back to the left potential well after crossing the top of the potential barrier. However, if the contribution of these trajectories is small, as is the case for not too strong an interaction with the thermal bath at large narrow barriers, P(t) is close to the exact value of the transition probability. 

Reservoir type Lower estimate of storage capacity (Gt C02) Upper estimate of storage capacity (Gt C02)... 

Residuals V2 and r, when they are negative, highlight essentially the fact that the measurement of the substrate concentration S in the reactor exits out of its lower and upper estimated bounds, and respectively. Thus, in order to determine the presence of a fault, it is simply enough to check the sign of T2 and rs whereas ri is compared with a threshold fixed by the... 

Exposure assessment should describe the exposure scenarios of key populations undertaking defined activities. Such scenarios that are representative of the exposure of a particular (sub)population should, where possible, be described using both reasonable worst-case and typical exposures. The reasonable worst-case prediction should also consider upper estimates of the extreme use and reasonably foreseeable other uses. However, the exposure estimate should not be grossly exaggerated as a result of using maximum values that are correlated with each other. Exposure as a result of accidents or from abuse shall not be addressed. 

Let us consider now several variational estimates of the effective radius taking into account annihilation, tunnelling and an elastic interaction. If tunnelling term in equation (4.2.25) is large in comparison with others in brackets, we can use for the upper estimate equation (4.2.15) as a trial function y(r) which leads to... 

In Fig. 4.7, another case of A0, H pairs is shown when half the Bohr radius of the electron activator centre is typically about 1 A (e.g., for Tl° in KC1). Here a sum of two upper estimates (curves 5 and 6) practically coincide at all temperatures with the exact radius (curve 1) and with lower-bound estimates (curve 7 and 8) above 70 K. 

This high photon number nph cannot be reached with currently available monochromatized synchrotron radiation. Therefore, the estimation based on these data provides an upper estimate. With the numbers given, it follows that... 

Uncertainties assessed at Tier 2 (deterministic) generate alternative point estimates for exposure and may be communicated in various ways, depending on the particular methods used for sensitivity analysis. As a minimum, this should identify which sources of uncertainty have been treated at Tier 2, state and justify the alternative quantitative estimates used for each one (e.g. minimum, maximum and most likely values), present exposure estimates for those combinations of alternative estimates that are considered plausible and state and justify any combinations of estimates that are considered implausible. In addition, it will be useful (especially if upper estimates exceed levels of concern) to show which of the quantified uncertainties have most influence on the outcome. 

X-—The fraction of (inter-particle) void space pixels containing some liquid provides an upper estimate of liquid saturation, from which values of liquid holdup are obtained. By extrapolation of the data to zero liquid superficial... 

How many articles involving computational chemistry are being published each year in all journals In Figure 2 we saw that more than 2000 articles pertaining to computational chemistry were published in CJACS journals in 1993. Based on the articles covered in MMCC Results in 1993, only about 30% of these 2000 published reports appeared in journals of the American Chemical Society. Thus for all journals in toto, it can be roughly estimated that more than 6000 articles were published in 1993 that pertained in some way to computational chemistry. This total is thought to be an upper estimate because papers that mention more than one program would be counted more than once. 

The upper estimate is due to possible increased impacts associated with NO compared to earlier valuations (may be reduced by NO exhaust cleaning). 

In both BSR modules, the Sherwood number lies between the two Chilton-Colbum predictions, as expected. The most important conclusion to be drawn from these graphs, is that the Sherwood number for turbulent flow in a BSR can be predicted with an accuracy of ca. 30% (which is usually acceptable) on the basis of one single pressure drop experiment in the turbulent-flow regime. From this pressure experiment the empirical roughness function can be fitted, with which the friction factor can be adequately predicted as a function of Re, as discussed in the previous section from these an upper estimate of Sh... 

Selenium-79 Se-79 is a low yield FP and can be produced by neutron activation of natural Se-78. At HP A and FINA, it was found to exceed the GQ in various contaminated items and in IX resin due to potential contamination by fuel products. Adequate estimates of the amount of Se-79 present were possible where full radiochemical analyses had provided information on other FPs. HNA desiccant was found to exceed the GQ most (by a factor of 25). The reported level is an upper estimate and probably reflects the possibility that volatile Se compounds... 

Table 4 Threshold gamma or X radiation doses (lower, central, and upper estimates) for specific deterministic effects ...

Table 5 Thresholds (lower, central and upper estimates) for deterministic effects of exposure of the unborn embryo or fetus ...

---