Damage overview

This chapter overviews the techniques for incorporating external events into a PSA. The discussion was primarily aimed at nuclear power plants but is equally applicable to chemical process plants. The types of external events discussed were earthquakes, fires and floods. Notably absent were severe winds and tornados. Tornados are analyzed as missiles impacting the structures and causing common-cause failures of systems (EPRINP-768). Missile propagation and the resulting damage is a specialized subject usually solved with computer codes. 

There are multiple mechanisms known to underlie the neuronal cell damage associated with injury or disease that at least theoretically could be targeted for pharmaceutical intervention. Currently however, there is no clinically available therapeutic agent that can reliably protect the brain from progressive neurodegenerative processes for sustained periods. Due to the extensive amount of preclinical research that has been conducted in recent years, there is a basis for optimism, however, it appears likely that some of these approaches will result in clinically effective therapeutic modalities in the near future. A short overview of some of the investigational approaches to combat neurodegeneration appears below. 

Costa M, Christie NT, Cantoni O, ZelikofF JT, Wang XW, Rossman T. 1991. DNA damage by mercury compounds an overview. In Suzuki T, Imura N, Clarkson TW, editors. Advances in mercury toxicology — Rochester Series on Environmental Toxicity. New York (NY) Plenum Press, p. 255-273. 

Figure 59. Overview over measures that can be done when freezing in borehole damage the tubes of brine...

Krueger, R.F. "An Overview of Formation Damage and Well Productivity in Oilfield Operations," J. Pet. Technol.. February 1986, 131-152. 

Further problems could include damaged or deteriorating flue liners, soot buildup, debris clogging the passageway, and animals or nesting birds could also obstruct the chimney. Oil flues need to be cleaned and inspected annually because deposits of soot may build up on the interior walls of the chimney. Tab. 5.7 gives an overview of possible harmful failures of indoor combustion systems. 

Once control has been established, it is useful to gain an overview of the scene. A sketch plan should be produced showing the location of major items and physical damage. 

C. M. Payne, C. Bernstein and H. Bernstein, Apoptosis overview emphasizing the role of oxidative stress, DNA damage and signal-transduction pathways, Leuk. Lymphoma, 1995, 19(1-2), 43. 

Many sites of exposure to bile in the body are associated with the development of cancer, e.g. the oesophagus, gallbladder and bile duct, pancreas, small intestine and colon (reviewed in ref. 2). One explanation for increased cancer at these sites could be that bile acids stimulate carcinogenesis via DNA-damaging effects. This chapter provides an overview of research conducted in relation to establishing the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of bile acids. 

Lumpkin, G. R., Ewing, R. C., Williams, C. T. Mariano, A. N. 2001. An overview of the crystal chemistry, durability, and radiation damage effects of natural pyrochlore. Materials... 

The rate and extent of electron and hole migration within DNA had been a topic of intense experimental [1] and theoretical [2] interest and dispute. However, as other chapters in this volume point out, the overall picture is now becoming increasingly understood. Several earlier reviews have dealt with the radiation damage to DNA and subsequent chemical processes including electron and hole transfer [3]. This chapter will focus on recent contributions to hole and electron transfer in DNA from high-energy radiation studies. We first present a brief overview on electron transfer processes in DNA from radiation studies and describe in more detail our most recent results on electron and hole transfer in DNA at low temperatures. 

Tice, R.R. (1984). An overview of occupation studies directed at assessing genetic damage. page 439 in Reproduction The New Frontier in Occupational and Environmental Health Research, LOCKEY, J.E., LemaSTERS, G.K., AND Koye, W.R., Jr. Eds. (Alan R. Lass, Inc., New York). 

Simic, M.G. 1991. Antioxidant compounds an overview. In K.J.A. Davies, ed., Oxidative Damage Repair Chemical, Biological, and Medical Aspects, pp. 47-56. Pergamon, Oxford. 

Fig. 22a-c BSE-SEM images of crack-tip microdeformation in iPP containing approximately 80 wt% ji phase tested at 0.001 m s 1 and 25 °C. a Overview of the crack-tip damage zone, b and c details from the periphery of the damage zone. The arrows indicate the loading direction [24]... 

In the following paragraphs an overview of damage due to thermal shock and its effect on the mechanical properties of CMCs with different fibre architectures is provided for a number of different reinforcement architectures. Subsequently, the effect of thermal shock on interfacial properties is discussed, followed by a description of attempts to analyse and model the thermal shock behaviour of these materials. 

Mathematical models have been developed and used to extrapolate toxicity under pulsed exposure conditions (for an overview, see Boxall et al. 2002 Reinert et al. 2002 Ashauer et al. 2006 Jager et al. 2006). Some models consider concentration x time (Meyer et al. 1995) others, uptake and depuration (Mancini 1983) or damage and repair (Breck 1988). Several models are based on the concept of critical body residues, which integrates toxicokinetics and the effects of exposure time on toxicity (McCarty and Mackay 1993 Barron et al. 2002). This approach is promising because several studies showed that toxicity from pulse exposures is largely... 

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