Damage estimation

Process Safety Analysis This part treats the analysis of a process or project from the standpoint of hazards, risks, procedures for making potential damage estimates, and project reviews and audits. It can be helpful to management in assessing risks in a project. It consists of the following ... 

The open-terrain factor should be used if the release occurs in flat terrain and few structures are nearby, for example, in an isolated tank farm consisting of one or two well-spaced tanks. Otherwise, the partial-confinement yield factor should be used to give reasonably conservative damage estimates. 

Exxon (unpublished). Damage estimates from BLEVEs, UVCEs and spill fires. 

Loft, S., Vistisen, K., Ewertz, M., Tjonneland, A., Overvad, K. and Poulsen, H.E. (1992). Oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine excretion in humans influence of smoking, gender and body mass index. Carcinogenesis 13, 2441-2447. 

Damage estimates based on overpressures are given in Table 6-9. As illustrated, significant damage is expected for even small overpressures. 

Table 6-9 Damage Estimates for Common Structures Based on Overpressure (these values are approximations)1...

The procedure can be applied in reverse to estimate the quantity of material involved based on damage estimates. 

Damage to the refinery was estimated at 4.6 million (1966 ), with outside damage estimated at another 2 million (1966 ). 

Can be bent at large angles and restraightened without damage Estimated at 1 billion A/cm ... 

Poulsen. High fat diet induced oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine excretion in rats. Free Radic Res 1998 29(6) 595-600. 

Table 12.3. Alleged contributions of OH to the lethal action and DNA damage estimated by high concentrations of OH-scavengers...

Pressure-time histories caused by explosions may be nonuniform and subject to amplification because of secondary shocks and shock reflections. Current models can provide only one- or two-dimensional histories. Failure modes are typically permanent deformation (plastic deformation/buckling), stable cracking (leaking), and brittle failure. Table 2.3 (Theodore et al., 1989) describes expected damage estimates for humans, structural elements, and process equipment for particular overpressures. 

Ignition of the cloud occurred within a minute of the rupture. The rapid spread of the fire delayed containment and isolation. The unit suffered extensive physical damages, but no one was injured. [12] Much of the equipment at this Canadian refinery was severely damaged or destroyed. The damage estimate was over 76 million (U.S., 1984). [131... 

Priemie, ti Loft, S., Nyyssonen, K., Salonen, J. T and Powlsen, H. E. (1997). No effect of upplcnrientatL[ n with vitamin E, ascorbic acid, or coenzyme QIO on oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-oxy-7,8-dihytiro-2-deoxyguanosinq excretion in smokers. Am. 

This paper is divided into three sections. In the first section, we outline the conceptual basis for valuing material damages. The second section describes the data, the computations, and the economic damage estimates for four case-stu(fy Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)l New Haven, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Portland, Maine. The last section summarizes the results and provides some perspective on the uncertainties in the analysis. 

Although there are many varieties of paint in use, Haynie (6) has chosen to simplify them into two types according to the composition of the extender, or thickener. Of the two paint types, the more pollutant-resistant contains silicate extenders while older, carbonate extender paints are less pollutant-resistant. Silicate extender paints have become dominant in the exterior paint market only in the last decade, accounting for most (probably over 80 percent) of current sales. The proportion of silicate paint on buildings is unknown, however, but is conservatively assuned to be 85 percent. The switch to silicate paints may have occurred partially as a result of concern with the ervironmental susceptibility of the carbonate extender paints. Tliese substitution costs are not factored into the damage estimates provided in this analysis. 

Table II Sumitary of Damage Estimates for Four Case-Stu

At a global level, we also have to take into account the global warming and ozone layer depletion. Here too, damage estimates as sea level rise, climate change,... are assessed. For the greenhouse effect, estimates range between 120 and 250 ECU/toe (Holland, M., 1996). 

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