Pollution resistance

Since these pollutants resist to biodegradation, powerful oxidation methods have to be searched to remove them from waters, thus avoiding their potential adverse health effects on humans and animals (Brillas et al. 2004, 2005 Flox et al. 2006a Sires et al. 2006b, 2007 Skoumal et al. 2006). 

Elskus, A.A., Monosson, E., McEloy, A.E., Stegeman, J.J. and Woltering, D.S. (1999) Altered CYP1A1 expression in Fundulus heteroclitus adults and larvae a sign of pollution resistance Aquat. Toxicol., 45, 99-113. 

Although there are many varieties of paint in use, Haynie (6) has chosen to simplify them into two types according to the composition of the extender, or thickener. Of the two paint types, the more pollutant-resistant contains silicate extenders while older, carbonate extender paints are less pollutant-resistant. Silicate extender paints have become dominant in the exterior paint market only in the last decade, accounting for most (probably over 80 percent) of current sales. The proportion of silicate paint on buildings is unknown, however, but is conservatively assuned to be 85 percent. The switch to silicate paints may have occurred partially as a result of concern with the ervironmental susceptibility of the carbonate extender paints. Tliese substitution costs are not factored into the damage estimates provided in this analysis. 

The total amino-acid content of proline, alanine and arginine of pollution-resistant lichens may increase significantly in polluted sites. Silberstein and co-workers (1996b) found higher amounts of proline and arginine in samples of Xanthoria parie-tina in polluted sites, whereas the alanine content differed only a little in polluted and... 

Silberstein, L., Siegel, B.Z., Siegel, S.M., Mukhtar, A., Galun, M., 1996a. Comparative studies on Xanthoria parietina, a pollution-resistant lichen, and Ramalina duriaei, a sensitive species, I. Effects of air pollution on physiological processes. Lichenologist 28, 355-365,... 

For commerical crops a distinction is made between injury and damage. Even though injury can be shown to have occurred, a crop may still be harvestable and salable. Injuries that cause the crop to have a lower sales value, to have required excess costs to grow, or to have a lower yield are all costs related to air pollution. If the injmy is so great that it is uneconomical to harvest the crop and it has to be ploughed under, the loss is complete. The principal mitigative measures are to (1) decrease pollution levels and (2) breed pollutant-resistant cultivars. 

---