General damages assessment

A. The staff of combat units generally has an efficient system of casualty and damage assessment. After a nuclear detonation, the S2/S3 or the NBC cell will probably issue casualty and damage predictions. 

C. Various systems of casualty and damage assessment have been developed. Such systems are rather involved and depend on many variables such as method and time of delivery, type of burst, size of weapon, weather and climatic conditions, wind direction and speed, fallout dose rate, etc. The gathering and compilation of such data are time consuming and may not be accomplished until many hours after the disaster. The US Army Office of the Surgeon General is developing a system of casualty estimation that will provide rapid and reasonably accurate estimates of the number and types of casualties produced by a given enemy nuclear attack. 

In general, the assessment of the importance of components has been evaluated as a single objective problem, for example determining which network component must be reinforced such as the vulnerability is minimized or which component must be damaged such as the vulnerability is maximized. However the assessment of this analysis has not considered the cost... 

The presented approach could be relevant for other (European) countries. In general, risk assessments related to floods focus on potential economic damage rather than loss of life. As shown, it is possible to get insight into the severity of fatality risks as well, with relatively little additional effort. 

Before delving into acid treatment design, chapter 3 presents a general discussion of formation damage. Assessment of formation damage is the most important aspect of acid treatment candidate selection and treatment... 

Avendano-Valencia L, Fassois S (2013) Generalized stochastic constraint TARMA models for in-operation identification of wind turbine non-stationary dynamics. In Basu B (ed) Key engineering materials (volumes 569-570) - damage assessment of structures X. Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, pp 587-594... 

The measurement of weight loss vs. time is the most convenient method to assess corrosion rate. For uniform general corrosion, the corrosion rate is usually proportional to the weight loss and inversely proportional to the area, exposure time, and density of the material. Unfortunately, this method fails to consider the effects of localized corrosion, such as pitting, crevice, and intergranular attack. The corrosive damages due to these localized corrosions can be severe, particularly in accelerated corrosion tests. The different rates of surface film or scale formation between accelerated and natural corrosion tests can further complicate the damage assessment and the correlation between their respective test results. 

The next part of the procedure involves risk assessment. This includes a deterrnination of the accident probabiUty and the consequence of the accident and is done for each of the scenarios identified in the previous step. The probabiUty is deterrnined using a number of statistical models generally used to represent failures. The consequence is deterrnined using mostiy fundamentally based models, called source models, to describe how material is ejected from process equipment. These source models are coupled with a suitable dispersion model and/or an explosion model to estimate the area affected and predict the damage. The consequence is thus determined. 

In many locations around the world dams are essential for agriculture and urban water supply. While the benefits of these structures are obvious, the risk of damage or loss of life due to unexpected failure of the dam can be overlooked by the general populace. A systematic assessment of the hazards posed by possible dam failures is useful for disaster planning, emergency response, and flood warnings. 

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