Cytokine evaluation

What is less clear, at present, is the role that other traditional immune evaluations may play in DIT assessment, including cytokine evaluation, flow cytometry, and immunomics. Based on the literature to date and the specific protocols employed, cell population changes, cytokine production alterations, dendritic cell and/or macrophage assessment, and immune histologic manifestation seem to be accessory parameters that are supportive of functional changes but not of themselves sentinel predictors of DIT. As described for adult animals (see Chapter 4), cytokine measurements in serum or peripheral blood may potentially be performed as a functional means to assess... 

For additional evaluation of the effect of hydrophobization and the molecular weight of the polymers on the biological immuno-stimulating activity, we investigated the ex vivo cytokine (interIeukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor [TNFj-inducing activity from human peripheral whole blood cells of hydrophobized polymers by use of fractionated poly(M A-CDA) with narrow poly-dispersity. Since this assay uses the intact human cells, it shows more accurate results than in vitro assay using cultured cell line [25]. 

B. Evaluation of Biological Activity Ex Vivo Cytokine Induction... 

Keane NM, Price P, Lee S et al (2001) An evaluation of serum soluble CD30 levels and serum CD26 (DPPIV) enzyme activity as markers of type 2 and type 1 cytokines in HIV patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 126 111-116 Khan MZ, Brandimarti R, Shimizu S et al (2008) The chemokine CXCL12 promotes survival of postmitotic neurons by regulating Rb protein. Cell Death Differ 15(10) 1663-1672... 

Osteoporosis associated with RA follows a multifaceted pathogenesis, but the primary mechanism likely is mediated by osteoclast activity.12 The cytokines involved in the inflammatory process directly stimulate osteoclast and inhibit osteoblast activity. Additionally, arthritis medications can lead to increased bone loss. Bone mineral density should be evaluated at baseline and routinely using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.11,12... 

As was the case for most other cytokines, medical appraisal/use of IL-2 was initially impractical due to the minute quantities in which it is normally produced. Some transformed cell lines, most notably the Jurkat leukaemia cell line, produces IL-2 in increased quantities, and much of the IL-2 used for initial characterization studies was obtained from this source. Large-scale IL-2 production was made possible by recombinant DNA technologies. Although the IL-2 gene/cDNA has now been expressed in a wide variety of host systems, it was initially expressed in E. coli, and most products being clinically evaluated are obtained from that source. As mentioned previously, the absence of glycosylation on the recombinant product does not alter its biological activity. 

Langezaal, I. et al., Evaluation and prevalidation of an immunotoxicity test based on human whole-blood cytokine release, Altern. LabAnim., 30, 581, 2002. 

Stimulation for 24 hours with LPS leads to the release of interleukin-1 [3, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a and by prolonging the incubation period from 48 to 72 hours, the whole blood model can detect the release of other lymphokines [45], including IL-2, IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-y. Skewing of the T-helper cell response to antigens can likewise be detected by evaluating the pattern of cytokine release, corresponding to a predominance of Th 1 or Th2 cytokine production. The predictive value of these approaches is currently under investigation. 

Priliximab (cM-T412) is an anti-CD4 chimeric monoclonal antibody that was evaluated in the clinic for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Priliximab binds to CD4 on the surface of T cells and leads to a profound and sustained decrease in circulating CD4+ T cells decreased counts have been reported to be below normal levels at 18 and 30 months following single- and multiple-infusions.81 Similar findings were observed in preclinical studies in chimpanzees.82 The administration of priliximab was also associated with a cytokine-release syndrome that caused transient fever, myalgia, chills, headache, nausea, and/or hypotension that was accompanied by an increase in serum IL-6. Although evidence of efficacy was observed in clinical trials for CD, the... 

Relatively few reports have examined the benefits or perils of herb combinations. Because the activity of a particular herb in a mixture might differ from its activity as a single component, it would be prudent to test the effects of prescribed formulas. The potential for herbal formulae to affect the immune system are increasingly being found in the use of Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicinals as described in an excellent review by Borchers and colleagues. [94], For example, Shosaiko-to is a seven-herb mixture that has been shown to protect patients from viral hepatitis via modulation of several cytokines such as IFN-a/p, G-CSF, and TNF-a. Animal studies have been conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of the various herbs in Shosaiko-to. Interestingly, four of its individual constituents induced several-fold higher levels of TNF-a when... 

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