Cutting fluids oils

Floor washes All industries Mixture of various types of oils from spiUs of hydraulic and cutting fluids, oil mists from spraying/coating, etc. can be present in both free and emulsified forms stabilized by dirt and debris, and solvents... 

Antimicrobials. In slightly alkaline aqueous solutions, nitro alcohols are useful for the control of microorganisms, eg, in cutting fluids, cooling towers, oil-field flooding, drilling muds, etc (8—15) (see INDUSTRIAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Petroleum). However, only... 

Some cutting fluids, eg, oils, may present a fire ha2ard. Some work materials, eg, magnesium, aluminum, titanium (under certain conditions), and uranium, in finely divided form, also present fire ha2ards. Very small metal chips or dust may ignite. 

Consider short-sleeved overalls for workers using metal cutting fluids (avoids skin friction from cuffs saturated with oil and holding particles of swarf)... 

The chemical treatment methods reduce dispersability property, of drilling fluids through the increase of size of cuttings which improves separation and prevents the buildup of colloidal solids in the mud. These methods include ionic inhibition, cuttings encapsulation, oil phase inhibition (with oil-base muds), and flocculation. The mechanical solids removal methods are based on the principles presented in Table 4-55. 

Tramp oil is caused when heat slideway, gear, hydraulic and spindle lubricants leak into water-based cutting fluids and can cause problems such as ... 

However, its cooling properties can be utilized when other materials are added to improve machining performance. One of the most common water-based cutting fluids is the so-called soluble oil, which, in fact, is not a true solution but an oiTin-water emulsion in which very fine droplets of oil are suspended in water. Such a fluid has very effective cooling power and the petroleum oil and its additives provide its lubricating and protective properties. 

Machine operators working with emulsions can become susceptible to skin infections because of the combination of the de-fatting effect of soluble-oil emulsifiers and the abrasive action of metallic scarf, but bacteria in cutting fluids are seldom the source of such infections. High standards of personal hygiene and the use of barrier creams should prevent such problems. A more difficult situation arises when a soluble-oil emulsion becomes infected with bacteria capable of utilizing the emulsifier and mineral-oil components in the system. Even in clean conditions, untreated soluble-oil emulsions and solutions cannot remain completely sterile for any length of time. 

Neat oil is the name given to an orthodox petroleum cutting fluid, whether or not it contains additives, to enhance cutting properties. Oils of this sort are available in a very wide variety, and many combinations of work piece material, machining characteristics and tooling requirement justify special formulations. The neat oils have lower specific heat than water, so they have to be fed to the cutting zone in copious amounts to provide the optimum cutting effect. 

The increasing diversity of operations, new materials and processes and the constant demand for improved production efficiency can only be met by various additives and compounding agents being blended into the oil to enhance its performance. Additives tend to be expensive and the selection of enhanced cutting fluid is only justified by overall production economies. 

Water from towns main supplies is usually suitable for the preparation of water-based cutting fluids. That from factory bore holes is also generally suitable, although occasionally it contains excessive amounts of corrosive salts. Water from rivers, canals and ponds usually contains undesirable contaminants, and should be tested before use. A good first test is to mix a small quantity of emulsion and allow it to stand for 24 hours in this time, no more than a trace of the oil should separate. If serious separation occurs, the water should be analyzed to indicate the sort of remedial treatment required. 

It is important that health factors are kept in proper perspective. What hazards there may be in the case of oil products are avoided or minimized by simple precautions. For work involving lubricants (including cutting fluids and process oils) the following general precautions are recommended ... 

A final important class of composite materials is the composite hquids. Composite liquids are highly stmctured fluids based either on particles or droplets in suspension, surfactants, liquid ciystalhne phases, or other macromolecules. A number of composite liquids are essential to the needs of modem industiy and society because they exhibit properties important to special end uses. Examples include lubricants, hydraulic traction fluids, cutting fluids, and oil-drilling muds. Paints, coatings, and adhesives may also be composite liquids. Indeed, composite hquids are valuable in any case where a well-designed liquid state is absolutely essential for proper delivery and action. 

The presence of 7V-nitrosodiethanolamine is widespread in the environment as a contaminant of cutting fluids and oils, certain pesticides, antifreeze, a broad range of consumer products (including cosmetics, lotions and shampoos) and tobacco and foods at concentrations ranging from 1 to 130 000 ppb (Fan et al., 1977a,b lARC, 1978 Williams etal., 1978 Elder, 1980 Brunnemann et al., 1982-83 Loeppky et al., 1983 Spiegelhalder et al., 1984 Eisenbrand et al., 1991 Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). 

Oligomeric urea-formaldehyde resins prepared by Wright et al. (2) were as effective as surfactants in separating drill cuttings from oil drilling fluids. 

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