Culture differentiation

Organ cultures. Differentiated tissues of shoots, roots, anthers, ovaries, or other plant organs in culture... 

The early approaches employed to boost secondary metabolite yields using in vitro plant cell or organ cultures included, selection of nutrient regimes, choice of culture systems and conditions, level of plant growth regulators, cell line selection, precursor feeding, culture elicitation, removal of end-product, culture differentiation, etc. These were successfully followed by the application of recombinant DNA... 

A number of different types of plant tissue cultures (e.g. suspension cultures, differentiated cultures, immobilized cultures, and transformed cultures) have been studied for the production of flavouring substances [14-19]. As de novo biosynthesis has been found unsuccessful in most cases (exceptions are shown in Tab. 3.5.), biotransformation of added precursors has been studied extensively. Fig. 3.4 shows some examples of biotransformation of terpenes by suspension cultures. Tab. 3.6 lists some biotransformations by suspension or immobilized cultures. 

While tissue isolation, immortalization, and proliferative status all can severely impact cell culture differentiation, other parameters are also critical such as nutrient concentrations, serum content, hormones, growth factors and cytokines, culture substrata, extracellular matrix components, and oxygen tension. 

Stanimirovic DB, Ball R, Small DL, Muruganandam A (1999) Developmental regulation of glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase activity in astrocyte cultures differentiated in vitro. Int J Dev Neurosci 77 173-184. 

Kocher 0, Gabbiani G (1986) Expression of actin mRNAs in rat aortic smooth muscle cells during development, experimental intimal thickening, and culture. Differentiation 32 245-251... 

Relative IC50 for proliferation is tricresyl phosphate > paraoxon > triphenyl phosphite poor correlation between in vitro antiproliferative activity of lest compounds and acute published LD5Q oral to.xiciiies in vivn,- tricresyl phosphate reduces number of neurites per 100 cells in cultures differentiated with NGF at a concenirahon 100 times lower than published dosages needed to cause OPIDN in vivo. 

Cultures exposed at mo developmental stages for 10 days daily-in serum-free medium to chJorpyrifos, parathion, or their oxon derivatives (1 pJVf) on culture days 5-15 (immature) or 25-35 of culture (differentiated). Cells harvested immediately or after 11-day recovery. Activities of AChE, choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GAD), glutamine synthetase, and CMP measured. OP effects on AChE activity compared to physostigminc. 

Kedinger M, Haffen K, Simon-Assmann P. Intestinal tissue and cell cultures. Differentiation 1987 36 71-85. 

M. I. Sierra, Aspects of indole alkaloid accumulation in Tabemaemontana tissue cultures differentiation, peroxidases and stability. Ph.D. Thesis, Leiden University, 1991. 

Culture, differentiate, and seed PHAkt-GFP HL60 cells in electrotaxis chamber as detailed in Subheading 3.1.2. 

Fig. 2. Effect of 3-methoxybenzamide on the differentiation of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis amastigotes. Infected J774 cell cultures were homogenized and the amastigotes released were puified using PercoU (14). The amastigotes were washed with LIT m um (21) and resuspended in LIT medium with 10% fet calf serum. Cultures were pre-incubated at 34°C for 4 hrs at 9.5 x lO cells/ml in the presence of 2.5 mM 3-methoxybenzamide and in untreated control cultures. Differentiation was then induced by transferring the cultures to 27°C. Differentiation was monitored microscopically and the concentrations of promastigotes (Fig. 2a) and amastigotes (Fig. 2b) were determined. (4) Cultures containing 2.5 mM 3-methoxybenzamide. ( ) Controls. Mean and standard errors (unless encompassed by the symbols) of at least four cultures are shown for each time point.

It was at the urban level of residential segregation that apartheid had to work hardest and most relentlessly in order to ensure that the principles and requirements of the apartheid state were adhered to. The ideal apartheid city required an inordinate amount of detailed urban and regional planning so as to ensure separate residential areas for each population group creating the ideal of an orderly mosaic of townships (the South African residential unit). The ideal apartheid city was one where distance and physical and racial buffers were used to inculcate a townscape that was visually, politically and culturally differentiated on racial/ethnic bases. 

Sando, G. N. Howard, E. J. Madison, K. C. Induction of ceramide glucosyltransferase activity in cultured human keratinocytes correlation with culture differentiation. J. Biol Chem. 1996, 271, 22044-22051. 

---