Cultivation bacteria

Nutritional Requirements It is important to be able to cultivate bacteria under laboratory conditions to study their characteristics. To be able to do this, one must know what food material and physical conditions are required. Bacterial cells that are actively growing are about 90 percent water. The elemental composition of bacteria is listed in Table 5.2. The nutritional medium to cultivate bacteria should contain those basic components listed. 

Carboxymethylcellulose has been employed, with agar, as a medium for cultivating bacteria.162 Later studies have shown that many micro-... 

The cultivable bacteria of the three groups were high in sediment samples analysed immediately after drying and homogenization processes (non-irra-diated samples). In the sample irradiated at the 4 kGy dose, the bacteria content was significant for the heterotrophic and the spore-forming bacterial group, whereas the sulfate reducers were inhibited. 

Denture plaque might also cause halitosis (bad breath) and cultivate bacteria for infectious diseases. It has been assumed that physicochemical properties such as water absorption and surface structures make plastic teeth prone to denture plaque and staining from beverages such as coffee and tea. 

Bottom-up proteomics methods still need refinement of protocols, and improvements in the standardization and availability of bioinformatics tools for comprehensive data analysis on a routine basis. Although recent innovations in mass spec-trometric instramentation have aeeelerated the speed and sensitivity of proteome analysis (Hebert et al. 2014), further improvements can be obtained by emphasizing the optimization, simplification, and automation of sample preparation, for example, through single-tube proteomics approaches integrating all steps from cell lysis to peptide fractionation (Hughes et al. 2014 Fan et al. 2014), peptide separation techniques, and bioinformatics tools for fast, automated data interpretation for strain-level identification of cultivable bacteria and comprehensive characterization of each isolated microbial strain in the near future. 

Table 78,2 Cultivable bacteria capable of converting the isoflavone daidzein ...

Bacterium seeds, water, and methanol are fed into an inoculation tank. Sterilized air and nutrients are then injected into the fermenter along with an inoculum of cultivated bacteria. Ammonia is added as a nitrogen source and for pH control Continuous fermentation produces a steady stream of bacteria, which are sent into a flocculation tank after filtration and centrifu l separation. The concentrated effluent from the flocculation tank is further dewatered by a series of decanter centrifuges. SCP destined for human consumption must under an additional step to remove the nucleic acids contained in the cells by one of the following techniques [4] (1) acid hydrolysis, (2) cell disruption, (3) chemical extraction, (4) alkaline hydrolysis, or (5) enzymatic treatment. Finalfy, the concentrated product stream is dried and processed into granules, pellets, or powder and then packed for sale. The overall yield is 1 ton protein for every 1.8 ton methanol consumed in the process. 

Bacteraemia, the presence of bacteria in the patient s blood, resulting from severe infections in the body, surgical wounds, or contaminated implanted devices may lead to a sepsis. Its onset is very fast. The current standard testing methods in hospitals are based on cultivation bacteria. However, this procedure normally takes up to 3 days. Therefore, the big advantage of SERS is the speed of identification. Effort is made to improve SERS detection of pathogens in human body fluids using portable Raman microscopes, robust metallic substrates and by a simplification of sample preparations (Premasiri et al. 2012b, 2014). 

The disinfecting power of chlorine was tested in Japan by cultivating bacteria taken from the Jeddah seawater. The results were as shown in Figure 2.10 (Fiijiwara, 1999a). 

Cultivation of luminous bacteria. Nealson (1978) lists various culture media to culture luminous bacteria. Three examples from other sources are shown in Table 2.1. It is important to include 300-500 mM NaCl as a basic ingredient. For the growth of bacteria, liquid media must be adequately aerated by shaking or bubbling. Solid media containing agar are made in Petri dishes. 

The source of light emission. Each individual animal in a colony of Pyrosoma has two groups of luminous cells at the entrance to the branchial sac (Herring, 1978a). The luminous cells contain tubular inclusions whose identity has been a matter of dispute for nearly a century. Buchner (1914) originally suggested that the inclusions were symbiotic luminous bacteria. However, efforts to cultivate luminous bacteria from the luminous cells of Pyrosoma consistently failed. In... 

For the routine cultivation of bacteria, a cheap source of all likely nutrients is desirable, and it should also be remembered that even bacteria whose minimum requirements are veiy simple grow far better on more highly nutritious media. 

Janssen PH, PS Yates, BE Grinton, PM Taylor, M Sait (2002) Improved cultivability of soil bacteria and isolation in pure culture of novel members of the divisions Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Proteobac-teria, and Verrucomicrobia. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 2391-2396. 

Cultivation of strictly anaerobic organisms requires not only that the medium be oxygen-free, but also that the redox potential of the medium be compatible with that required by the organisms. This may be accomplished by addition of reducing agents such as sulfide, dithionite, titanium(III) citrate, or titanium(IIl) nitrilotriacetate. Any of these may, however, be toxic so that only low concentrations should be employed. Attention has been drawn to the fact that titanium(III) citrate-reduced medium may be inhibitory to bacteria during initial isolation (Wachenheim and Hespell 1984). 

Bruns A, H Cypionka, J Overmann (2002) Cyclic AMP and acyl homoserine lactones increase cultivation efficiency of heterotrophic bacteria from the Central Baltic Sea. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 3978-3987. 

Ferrari BC, SJ Binnerup, M Gillings (2005) Microcolony cultivation on a soil substrates membrane system selects for previously uncultured soil bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8714-8720. 

Joseph SJ, P Hugenholtz, P Sangwan, CA Osborne, PH Janssen (2003) Laboratory cultivation of widespread and previously uncultured soil bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 7210-7215. 

Marches JR, AJ Weightman (2003) Comparing the dehalogenase gene pool in cultivated a-halocarboxylic aciddegrading bacteria with the environmental matagene pool. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 4375-4382. 

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