Crustacea compounds

All of the examples cited above reported the production of the target compound in invertebrate cells. Isolation and culture of the source cells could provide a renewable source of bioactive compounds. A review of the last decade of research in invertebrate cell culture summarizes the successes and difficulties encountered in this developing field.114 To date, only primary cultures have been established for a limited number of species in six phyla including the Cnidaria, Crustacea, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Porifera, and Urochordata. However, no continuous cell lines have been established. 

Apart from their pharmaceutical applications, the organic arsenicals are also used as herbicides. The main compounds are monosodium methanarsonate (MSMA) and hydroxydimethylarsine oxide (cacodylic acid). The relatively wide use of these agents is one of the main reasons for concern about their potential hazard to public health. Additionally, bioaccumulation of organic arsenicals in aquatic organisms such as seaweeds, freshwater algae and Crustacea plays a major role in the evaluation of the toxicity of these materials. Consequently, human exposure to organic arsenicals due to the combination of environmental and therapeutic applications is the main cause of the variety of toxic manifestations of these compounds. 

It is often assumed that, particularly in the aqueous environment, there is a steady-state situation, i. e. that the concentrations of pollutants in the water and the suspended solids is in equilibrium. Hendriks [40] verified this assumption. He found that the ratios of concentrations in different organisms and those in suspended solids of a series of organic compounds were not significantly different fi-om the calculated ratios that were based on existing bioaccumulation and sorption relationships. The organisms that were studied were chironomidae, mollusca, Crustacea and a number of fish species. 

K.C. Smith, E.R. Macagno (1990). UV photoreceptors in the compound eye of Daphnia magna (Crustacea Branchiopoda). A fourth spectral class in single omatidia. J. Comp. Physiol A, 166, 597-606. 

Once coal tar creosote is in the environment, both plants and animals can absorb parts of the creosote mixture. Some components of coal tar creosote have been found in plants exposed to creosote-treated wood in nearby soil. The plants absorb very little (less than 0.5% of the amount available to the plant). Animals such as voles, crickets, snails, pill bugs, and worms take up coal tar creosote components from the environment that are passed into the body through skin, lungs, or stomachs. Animals that live in the water, such as Crustacea, shellfish, and worms, also take up coal tar creosote compounds. For instance, mussels attached to creosote-treated pilings and... 

Calcium Carbonate—CaCO,—100—the most abundant of the natural compounds of Ca, exists as limestone, calcar, cheU , marble, Ice land spar, and arragonite and forms the basis of corals, shells of Crustacea and of molluscs, etc. 

Xanthopterin, leucopterin, chrysopterin, and erythropterin were isolated from butterfly wings and are 2-amino-4-hydroxy pteridine derivatives [5—7]. Among these alkaloids, xanthopterin is a yellow substance and is widely distributed in insects and other animals, and it was also isolated from crabs in the Crustaceae. On the other hand, leucopterin is a colorless material, and it seems that this compound is derived from xanthopterin. In addition, erythropterin is an alkaloid that is responsible for the red and orange colors of the butterfly. 

Organic compounds.—There have been relatively few investigations of the effects of organic mercury compounds on marine species, and the data are restricted to studies of algae and Crustacea. 

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