Crustacea

Aquatic organisms used for ecotoxicity tests are bacteria, algae, Crustacea and fish. 

If a substance is not readily biodegradable, this does not necessarily imply that the substance is toxic to microorganisms. Therefore, specific experiments on bacteria are carried out to obtain information on substance ecotoxicity. Examples are the respiratory inhibition test (e.g., OECD 209, [45]) and the nitrification inhibition test (ISO 9509, [46]), which are performed on a mixed microbial population representative of a sewage treatment plant s community, cell multiplication inhibition test on Pseudomonas putida (ISO 10712, [47]) and flash tests on luminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum [22] and Vibrio fischeri [24], which reduce their luminescence when exposed to toxic substances. 

Short-term toxicity tests on algae are carried out mainly according to OECD 201 [48] and OPPTS 850.5400 [49] to measure algal growth rate inhibition (chronic effect). The typical test duration for this study is 72 h (96 h is also often reported) and the preferred species are Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previously named Selenastrum capricornutum) Scenedesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris. 

The crustacean most commonly used is Daphnia magna. It is used to assess both acute (OECD 202 [50] or OPPTS 850.1010 [51]) and chronic (OECD 211, [52]) aquatic toxicity. Acute toxicity tests usually last for 48 h (short term) and evaluate daphnia immobilisation. Chronic toxicity tests generally last 21 days (long term) 

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A major biological sink for CO9 that is often overlooked is the calcium carbonate shells of corals, molluscs, and Crustacea. These invertebrate animals deposit CaCOa in the form of protective exoskeletons. In some invertebrates, such as the sderaetinians (hard corals) of tropical seas, photosynthetic dinoflagellates (kingdom Protoctista) known as zooxanthellae live within the ani-... 

Erebs-kohlenwasserstoff, m. cancerogenic hydrocarbon. -milch, /. (Med.) cancer juice, -tiere, n.pl. (Zodl.) Crustacea, -wurz, /. beechdropa (Leptamnium virginianum). 

As far as the environment is concerned the main factor is to remove solid particles by settling and filtration and to remove marine Crustacea by screening. 

The phylum Arthropoda includes the classes Diplopoda (millipedes), Chilopoda (centipedes), Crustacea (see Chapter 3), and Insecta (see Chapter 1). All luminous arthropods other than crustaceans are terrestrial, and not very many luminous millipedes and centipedes are known. The luminescence of millipedes is usually intracellular, whereas luminous centipedes discharge luminous secretion. Substantial chemical studies have been made only with the millipede Luminodesmus sequoiae and the centipede Orphaneus brevilabiatus, of which the latter is discussed in the Section 10.3. 

Swift, E., Biggley, W. H., and Napora, T. A. (1977). The bioluminescence emission spectra of Pyrosoma atlanticum, P. spinosum (tunicata), Euphausia tenera (Crustacea) and Gonostoma sp. (Pisces)./. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 57 817-823. 

Some kinds of fish and Crustacea contain thiaminases. These enzymes cleave thiamin and thus inactivate the vitamin. Some plant phenols, e.g., chlorogenic acid, may possess antithiaminic properties, too, though their mechanism of action is so far not well understood. 

This substance may be hazardous to the environment special attention should be given to algae and Crustacea. 

Newsted, J.L., Giesy, J.P. (1987) Predictive models for photoinduced acute toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna, Strauss (Cladocera, Crustacea). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6, 445 -61. 

For most people, BL is represented by the flash of the firefly or the phosphorescence that frequently occurs on agitating the surface of ocean water. Chemical excitation, luminescent reactions occurs in almost all zoological kingdoms (bacteria, dinoflagelates, Crustacea, worms, clams, insects, and fishes) except higher vertebrates BL is not found in any organisms higher than fish. In most cases this phenomenon occurs within specialized cells called photocytes [3-5], As shown in Table 1, BL occurs in many terrestrial forms but is most common in the sea, particularly in the deep ocean, where the majority of species are luminescent [6],... 

Crustacea (Cypridina) 465 Luciferine (Cypridina luciferin), luciferase, 02... 

Sundelin, B. 1983. Effects of cadmium on Pontoporeia affinis (Crustacea Amphipoda) in laboratory soft bottom microcosms. Mar. Biol. 74 203-212. 

Moore, P.G., PS. Rainbow, and E. Hayes. 1991. The beach-hopper Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea Amphipoda) as a biomonitor for copper and zinc North Sea trials. Sci. Total Environ. 106 221-238. 

Mwangi, S.M. and M.A. Alikhan. 1993. Cadmium and nickel uptake by tissues of Cambarus bartoni (Ast-acidae, Decapoda, Crustacea) effects on copper and zinc stores. Water Res. 27 921-927. 

Weeks, J.M. 1992. Copper-rich granules in the ventral caeca of talitrid amphipods (crustacea amphipoda talitridae). Ophelia 36 119-133. 

Weeks, J.M. and P.S. Rainbow. 1991. The uptake and accumulation of zinc and copper from solution by two species of talitrid amphipods (Crustacea). Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 71 811-826. 

Winner, R.W. and H.A. Owen. 1991. Toxicity of copper to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae) and Ceriodaphnia dubia (Crustacea) in relation to changes in water chemistry of a freshwater pond. Aquat. Toxicol. 21 157-170. 

Memmert, U. 1987. Bioaccumulation of zinc in two freshwater organisms (Daphnia magna, Crustacea and Brachydanio rerio, pisces). Water Res. 21 99-106. 

Nugegoda, D. and P.S. Rainbow. 1988b. Zinc uptake and regulation by the sublittoral prawn Pandalus montagui (crustacea decapoda). Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 26 619-632. 

Rainbow, P.S., P.G. Moore, and D. Watson. 1989. Talitrid amphipods (crustacea) as biomonitors for copper and zinc. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 28 567-582. 

Lussier, S.M., J.H. Gentile, and J. Walker. 1985. Acute and chronic effects of heavy metals and cyanide on Mysidopsis bahia (Crustacea Mysidacea). Aquat. Toxicol. 7 25-35. 

Graney, R.L. and J.P. Giesy, Jr. 1986. Effects of long-term exposure to pentachlorophenol on the free amino acid pool and energy reserves of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 12 233-251. 

Crustacea Arthropods, Crustaceans, Insects Lectins, PO, Leucine rich repeats, Toll, Tol interleukin receptors, AMPs, complement... 

In an extension of the FIAM model, the biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals assumes that a given toxic effect occurs when the concentration of metal bound to biotic ligands exceeds a certain threshold concentration [203-205]. This model has been successfully applied to rationalise toxicity data from fish and Daphnia. Although the identity and abundance of biotic ligands is not known, modelling has revealed that the critical biotic ligand concentrations are much lower in Crustacea than in fish [203,204],... 

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