Orchestia gammarellus

Moore, P.G., PS. Rainbow, and E. Hayes. 1991. The beach-hopper Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea Amphipoda) as a biomonitor for copper and zinc North Sea trials. Sci. Total Environ. 106 221-238. 

Beach hopper (amphipod), Orchestia gammarellus whole North Sea 1989-90 reference site vs. contaminated site... 

In considering the period and dose of exposure, Mouneyrac et al.116 reported that populations of the amphipod Orchestia gammarellus from estuaries with contrasting metal contamination failed to demonstrate differences in MT induction, since MT body concentrations did not increase upon exposure to raised availabilities of Cu, Zn, or Cd. From their findings, these authors concluded that MT-like proteins were unsuitable as potential biomarkers. In addition, a number of studies have indicated that MTs are also induced by nonmetals, for example, organic aromatic compounds.117118 This has raised doubts regarding the use of this parameter as a specific biomarker for metal exposure. 

Mouneyrac, C., J.C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, A. Cottier, P.S. Rainbow, and B.D. Smith. 2002. Partitioning of accumulated trace metals in the talitrid amphipod crustacean Orchestia gammarellus A cautionary tale on the use of metallothionein-like proteins as biomarkers. Aquat. Toxicol. 57 225-242. 

Amphipods (Orchestia gammarellus), lugworm (Arenicola marina), and barnacle (Semibalanus balanoides) 20-2000 Dissection and wormcast examination Thompson et al. (2004)... 

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