Emulsions, separation

Since post-addition of oil-soluble inhibitors would not assure their presence in the oil phase of the emulsion, separate emulsions were prepared. 

PN admixtures can be prepared by mixing all components into one bag [3-in-l admixture or a total nutrient admixture (TNA)] or by mixing and infusing dextrose, amino acids, and all other components together and infusing intravenous lipid emulsion separately (2-and-l admixture). 

An emulsion separation method using hydrocyclones. The emulsion comprises a continuous phase, a discontinuous phase and fine solid particles. In the first step, the original emulsion is separated into an overflow emulsion and an underflow emulsion, in a first hydrocyclone. The overflow emulsion comprises portions of the continuous phase, the discontinuous phase and the fine solid particles. The overflow emulsion is inverted in which the continuous phase of the overflow emulsion is now a second discontinuous phase and the original discontinuous phase becomes a second continuous phase. Then, the inverted emulsion is directed to one or more subsequent hydrocyclones and the second continuous and discontinuous phases are collected. The fine solid particles remain in the second discontinuous phase. 

Typical approaches to this biphasic system have involved the immobilization of catalysts in the aqueous phase as colloids [53] or using water-soluble catalysts based on ligands such as the trisulfonated TPPTS [55, 56]. Particularly high reaction rates have been obtained with surfactant-stabilized microemulsions and emulsions that allow for intimate contact of all reagents with the catalyst during the reaction [57]. The emulsions separate readily into two phases by small pressure changes and the C02-phase is then vented to isolate the products. The catalyst RhCl(tppds)3 (tppds =... 

Chemical Any agent added to an emulsion that causes or enhances the rate of breaking of the emulsion (separation into its constituent liquid phases). Demulsifiers can act by any of a number of different mechanisms, which usually include enhancing the rate of droplet coalescence. 

Preparation of the separating silicone emulsion. Separating silicone emulsion is a 70% aqueous emulsion of oligomethylsiloxane liquid (with a viscosity below 400 mm2/s), emulsified with OP-7 or OP-10. 

Sulfuric acid alkylation units have excellent safety reports [18], The main concerns are the H2S04 and the large inventories of light hydrocarbons. The incidents that have been reported include emulsion-separation difficulties leading to acid carryover, acid runaway resulting in low-quality alkylate and requiring shut down of the olefin feed, or tight emulsion in the net effluent water wash with the consequence of carryover of the alkaline water into the separation section. 

The centrifugal technique is extensively used for the destruction of emulsions and for the study of the rate of emulsion separation to disperse phase and disperse medium. 

In Fig. 8 the interfacial tension between styrene and aqueous acrylic acid solution as well as the stability of the concentrated emulsion is plotted against the concentration of acrylic acid in water. As the concentration of this polar monomer increases, the concentrated emulsion becomes more unstable, and finally the entire concentrated emulsion separates into bulk phases. 

Adjust 100 ml of urine to pH 9.5 with 2M sodium hydroxide, and extract with an equal volume of chloroform by rotation in a separating funnel at about 1 revolution per second, in order to avoid the formation of emulsions separate the solvent layer by filtering through phase-separating paper, add one drop of hydrochloric acid and a sintered glass bead, and evaporate to dryness. Redissolve the residue in 10 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid by warming on a boiling water-bath for about 2 minutes, and then extract with 25 ml of ether to yield the Neutral Fraction. 

Flotation processes — Air flotation can be an effective method of treating oily condensate. This process speeds up emulsion separation by mixing dissolved or dispersed air bubbles with the oil droplets. The air decreases the oil density, which increases the rise rate of the droplets. 

Kremsec VJ. Modehng of dispersed-emulsion separation systems. Sep Purif Methods 1981 10 117-157. 

Kremsec VJ and Slattery JC. Analysis of batch, dispersed-emulsion, separation systems. AIChE J 1982 28 492-500. 

Figure 10. This series of photographs from a bottle test shows the emulsion separating over time as evidenced by the steady increase in the upper oil phase. The lower water phase contains most of the solids but does not change in volume significantly. The interface emulsion in between the oil and water steadily decreases (destabilizes) in volume and resolves into the oil and water phases. As shown in Figure J, these interface emulsions can have a complex morphology or structure.

Breaking The process in which an emulsion separates, the formerly dispersed phase becoming a continuous phase, separate from the original continuous phase. 

The oil-rich layer eventually coagulated to form an oil layer this type of separation was described as mixed-particle-size emulsion by Tadros and Vincent (1 ). The addition of sodium chloride to the water used in making the emulsion gave faster emulsion separation especially for high NaOH (5 x 10 or greater) concentration emulsions. When the NaCl content exceeded 2.0%, no homogeneous emulsion could be obtained as separation occurred immediately. 

These attributes are used in devising intensified processes as well as in the discovery of several size dependent phenomena, especially in biology, which are subsequently utilized in BI. Currently, PHPs (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic versions) are used in the intensification of stable water-in-oil emulsion separation (demulsification), gas-liquid separation, as applied to tar and water removal from biogas produced through the gasification of biomass, BI, tissue engineering, and metal ion/toxin removal from... 

Akay, G. Dogru, M. Calkan, B. Calkan, O.F. Flow induced phase inversion phenomenon in process intensification and micro-reactor technology. Process intensification in water-in-crude oil emulsion separation by simultaneous application of electric field and polymeric demulsifiers. In Microreact Technology and Process Intensification Wang, Y., Halladay, J., Eds. Oxford University Press Oxford, 2005 Chapter, 18. 

Akay, G. Noor, Z.Z. Dogru, M. Process intensification in water-in-crude oil emulsion separation... 

Vincent, T., Guibal, E., Chiarizia, R. (2007). PaUadium recovery by reactive precipitation using a cyanex 301-based stable emulsion. Separation Science and Technology 42 3517-3536. 

Case (b) represents emulsions consisting of monodisperse droplets with radius > 1 pm. In this case, the emulsion separates into two distinct layers with the droplets forming a cream or sediment and leaving the clear supernatant hquid this situation is seldom observed in practice. 

The formulation of suspoemulsions is not an easy task although it is quite easy to produce a stable suspension and an emulsion separately, when the two are mixed they become unstable due to the following interactions [1] ... 

The preparation of suspensions and emulsions separately, allowing sufficient time for complete adsorption (equilibrium). 

Multiple emulsions are complex systems of emulsions of emulsions. Both water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) and oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) multiple emulsions have potential appHcations in various fields. The W/O/W multiple emulsion may be considered as a water/water emulsion whereby the internal water droplets are separated by an oily layer (membrane). The internal droplets might also consist of a polar solvent such as glycol or glycerol, which may contain a dissolved or dispersed active ingredient (a.i.). The O/W/O multiple emulsion can be considered as an oil/oil emulsion separated by an aqueous layer (membrane). 

Mason SL, May K, Hartland S. Drop size and concentration profile determination in petroleum emulsion separation. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Aspects 1995 96 85-92. 

These equations imply that the major factors that influence the efficiency of emulsion separation are ... 

These factors can therefore be used in design to improve the efficiency of emulsion separation. The favorable ways to apply these factors are as follows ... 

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