Crude unit pumps

FIG. 13-92 Methods of providing reflux to crude units, a) Top reflux, (h) Pump-back reflux, (c) Pump-around reflux. 

Fires involving hydrocarbons, e.g., hot oil pumps in crude units... 

Crude oil pumped from a storage unit to a tanker is to be expressed in tons/hr, but the field variables of density and the volumetric flow rate are measured in Ib/ft and gal/min, respectively. Determine the units and the numerical value of the factor necessary to convert the field variables to the desired output. 

During storage, sediments decant with the water phase and deposit along with paraffins and asphalts in the bottoms of storage tanks as thick sludges or slurries (BS W). The interface between the water-sediment and the crude must be well monitored in order to avoid pumping the slurry into the refinery s operating units where it can cause serious upsets. 

Fig. 2. Flow sheet of lecithin producing unit. Crude soybean oil is heated in the preheater, 1, to 80°C, mixed with 2% water in the proportion control unit, 2, and intensively agitated in 3. The mixture goes to a dweUing container, 4, and is then centrifuged after a residence time of 2—5 min. The degummed oil flows without further drying to the storage tanks. The lecithin sludge is dried in the thin-film evaporator, 6, at 100°C and 6 kPa (60 mbar) for 1—2 min and is discharged after cooling to 50—60°C in the cooler, 8. 9 and 10 are the condenser and vacuum pump, respectively.

A final fuels group eontains high-ash erudes and residuals. These aeeount for 5% of installed units. Residual fuel is the high-ash by-produet of distillation. Low eost makes them attraetive however, speeial equipment must always be added to a fuel system before they ean be utilized. Crude is attraetive as a fuel, sinee in pumping applieations it is burned straight from the pipeline. Table 12-2 shows data obtained from a number of users that... 

Where is naphthenic acid corrosion found Naphthenic acid corrosion occurs primarily in crude and vacuum distillation units, and less frequently in thermal and catalytic cracking operations. It usually occurs in furnace coils, transfer lines, vacuum columns and their overhead condensers, sidestream coolers, and pumps. 

Reflux overhead vapor recompression, staged crude pre-heat, mechanical vacuum pumps Fluid coking to gasification, turbine power recovery train at the FCC, hydraulic turbine power recovery, membrane hydrogen purification, unit to hydrocracker recycle loop Improved catalysts (reforming), and hydraulic turbine power recovery Process management and integration... 

It can also be seen from Table 1 that the small amounts of light components have an even greater effect on true vapor pressure than on Reid vapor pressure. True vapor pressure more accurately measures the tendency of a crude oil to cause problems in the offshore loading of tankers, in pump stations of open system oil pipelines, and in increased vaporization losses in storage and in transit. True vapor pressure of crude oil will be fixed by the operating temperature and pressure of the last stage of oil-gas separation, or the bottom conditions of any crude stabilization unit, if no other liquids are added back to the crude stream. 

The skimmed oil Is collected and transferred to wet crude tank. Water from the SPI separator is discharged to induced air floatator. This unit is composed of four floatation cells. Each cell is equipped with a motor driven self-aerating rotor meonanistn. As the rotor spins, minute bubbles are generated ar.d oil and suspended solid particles attach to the gas bubbles as tney rise to the surface. Tne oil and suspended solids gather in a dense froth on the surface and are removed from the cell by skimmer paddles and collected in a scum tank. Then skum is pumped out of scum tank to the inlet of SPI separator by skum return pump. 

A number of applications are given in this chapter that detail the capture and recovery of intracellular proteins including recombinant proteins. The initial protein recovery steps, regardless of the source, are usually associated with large volumes and crude solutions, requiring removal of particles and reduction of volume before their purification can take place. Centrifugation, filtration, precipitation, solvent extraction, and batch adsorption are common unit operations involved in the preliminary steps of protein recovery. Expanded-bed adsorption, as described here, is an approach for the initial protein recovery that eliminates the need for clarification and volume reduction. In this process, a crude starting solution is pumped directly onto an... 

Before fractional distillation, petroleum is refined by a pre-distillation method so that undesired oomponents are driven out of the petroleum mixture. After that, the petroleum is pumped through heated pipes at 350-400° C. Here, the petroleum becomes vapor and this is sent to the fractional distillation unit The petroleum vapor starts rising to the upper parts of the fractional distillation unit. The vapor of petroleum cools down at lower temperatures the uppermost part of the distillation unit is the place for gases (methane, ethane, propane and butane), which have boiling points lower than 2QPC C Hg and C H.jq are separated from each other at high pressures and stored in canisters for home use. crude oil... 

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