Crude sap

A crude process of extraction of urushiol from the tree Rhus vernicifera was used by the Chinese during the Chou dynasty of 1122-249 BC, and the process was systematised by the Japanese. The tree is tapped at about the 10th year of cultivation by a lateral sloping incision into the bark during June to September. The sap is white to grayish in color, but on exposure to air turns yellow-brown and then black. The crude sap contains approximately 70% urushiol, 4% gum, 2% albuminous materials, and 24% water. It is stirred and filtered and heated to reduce the moisture level [138] and finally stored in air-tight containers. 

Continuity of Crude Sap Flow.—The crude sap (water with mineral salts in solution) penetrates the thin walls of the root hairs by osmosis and passes into the interior of hairs, thence into the root xylemand through this to stem xylem, thence through stem xylem into the leaves. 

Conducting Parenchyma.— This type of parenchyma functions in the rapid translocation of food materials to distant regions in. the plant. It includes the wood parenchyma cells of the xylem which convey a portion of the crude sap (water with mineral salts in solution) and the phloem parenchyma (soft bast) which transports the elaborated sap (carbohydrate and proteid material in solution). Conducting parenchyma cells differ from those of ordinary paren-Digitized by Microsoft ... 

Hydrophytes. The effect of an aquatic environment on the structure of water plants is most striking. The root systems are reduced both in length and number of branches. The root hairs of those immersed in the water are absent. The supportive action of the water is such that the fibrovascular elements of the stems, which usually function both, for support and conduction of crude sap, are greatly reduced in size and strength. The leaves, stems and roots possess large air-spaces. The mesophyll of the leaves is. 

Tra chea.—An elongated cylindrical or prismatic tube found in the fibrovascular system and serving for the conduction of crude sap. 

The sap coagulates in a few minutes after it Is collected but before the crude gum becomes qujto hard, it is kneaded by hand into compact oblong masses, from seven to twelve inches in length, by four or five in thickness. This part of the work is mostly performed by women, as represented in the annexed engraving— Fig, 250—wliioh exhibits not only the ordinary appearance of the native Malays, but the character of the internal forest scenery of the tropical regions which they inhabit. ... 

A novel method for preparing sap and an aqueous extract from fresh or dried milled Jerusalem artichoke tubers is disclosed. Crude inulin is crystallized from evaporating extracts. Inulin precipitates are separated, and additional purification involves a further... 

This is the other natural rubber used in making chewing gum. It is produced from the sap of Dyera costulata of the genus apocyanesas. This tree grows in the Far East. The crude product is processed by a system involving the injection of steam into the raw material. 

Fig. 3. The uptake of [A/e-14C]choline into the subcellular fractions of whole rat brain 5 h after intracerebral injection. A, The distribution of radioactivity as a percentage of that in the homogenate in the nuclei + debris (Pi), crude mitochondrial fraction (P2), microsomal fraction (Ps) and soluble cell sap (Sol.) and B, The distribution of radioactivity in the components of the Pa fraction. Peaks are the same as those described in Fig. 2.

The translocation of the root alkaloids in the xylem can be observed by direct microchemical examination (251) but is best observed by bleeding of the sap. The quantity of the sap and its alkaloid concentration show daily periodicity (283), there being a maximum (based on crude fiber) in the morning (284) in Datura stramonium. 

C30H52, Mr 412.74, 18a-0. mp. 210°C, [aJo +40.3° (CHCI3), a pentacyclic triterpene hydrocarbon occurring in crude oil. O. represents the saturated skeleton of /3- amyrin. Numerous related triterpenes are derived from O. e.g., the hydrocarbons II,l3(l8)-olea-nadiene, (C30H48O, Mr 424.71, mp. 226-227°C), 12-oleanene (C30H50, Mr 410.73, mp. 162-164°C), and 18-oleanene (mp. 174-175 °C) from polypody species (Polypodium), as well as various polyols (see table) that are widely distributed as glycosides ( sap-onins). 

It is not clear whether this degradation is a result of the action of the proteins of the particles themselves or whether some free enzymes of the nuclear sap are involved. It should be pointed out that crude 308 particles have some RNase activity. Lukanidin (1969) (see also Georgiev, 1967) has found that after urea treatment the latent RNase is activated and that this leads to the degradation of the RNA of the particles. 

The pH of cell sap of most flowers is such that many antho-cyanin-containing flowers should be colorless, yet the presence in nature of colorless anthocyanins is rare. Anthocy-anidins undergo a series of complex color changes in water at varying pH (Brouillard, 1988). The flavylium cation of natural anthocyanins behaves as a weak diacid, whereas a neutral quinonoid base is at the same time a weak acid and a weak base. The pH of crude extracts of flowers varies from 2,8 to 6.2. 

Rosin—A resin obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude turpentine from the sap of the pine tree (gum rosin), or from an extract of the stumps and other parts of the tree (wood rosin). 

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