Crude oil, vanadium

Generally, most resids and asphalt have 79 to 88% w/w carbon, 7 to 13% w/w hydrogen, trace to 8% w/w sulfur, 2 to 8% w/w oxygen, and trace to 3% w/w nitrogen. Trace metals such as iron, nickel, vanadium, calcium, titanium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, copper, tin, and zinc occur in crude oils. Vanadium... 

Crown thioethers, coordination chemistry, 35 3 (CIO4), 43 226 Crude oil, vanadium in, 35 99 Crustaceans, arsenic in, 44 150, 167, 168, 170 Cryoscopic measurements, sulfuric acid and, 1 390-391... 

The petroleum industry faces the need to analyze numerous elements which are either naturally present in crude oil as is particularly the case for nickel and vanadium or those elements that are added to petroleum products during refining. 

Other heavy fuel contaminants are metals (vanadium, nickel, sodium) coming from the crude oil itself or metallic salts (aluminum silicates) coming from catalysts in conversion steps. The aluminum silicates should not exceed 300 ppm (30 ppm of aluminum), for these materials exert a strong abrasive action on the engine cylinders and injection systems. They can however be eliminated partially by centrifuging and filtration. 

Solids materials that are insoluble in hydrocarbon or water can be entrained in the crude. These are called bottom sediments and comprise fine particles of sand, drilling mud, rock such as feldspar and gypsum, metals in the form of minerals or in their free state such as iron, copper, lead, nickel, and vanadium. The latter can come from pipeline erosion, storage tanks, valves and piping systems, etc. whatever comes in contact with the crude oil. 

Other compounds which may be found in crude oil are metals such as vanadium, nickel, copper, zinc and iron, but these are usually of little consequence. Vanadium, if present, is often distilled from the feed stock of catalytic cracking processes, since it may spoil catalysis. The treatment of emulsion sludges by bio-treatment may lead to the concentration of metals and radioactive material, causing subsequent disposal problems. 

Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite, important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites. 

Many metals occur in crude oils. Some of the more abundant are sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, iron, vanadium, and nickel. They are present either as inorganic salts, such as sodium and magnesium chlorides, or in the form of organometallic compounds, such as those of nickel and vanadium (as in porphyrins). Calcium and magnesium can form salts or soaps with carboxylic acids. These compounds act as emulsifiers, and their presence is undesirable. 

Metals, such as nickel, vanadium, and sodium, are present in crude oil. These metals are concentrated in the heavy boiling range of atmospheric bottoms or vacuum residue, unless they are carried over with the gas oil by entrainment. 

Brunnock et al. [67] have also determined beach pollutants. They showed that weathered crude oil, crude oil sludge, and fuel oil can be differentiated by the n-paraffin profile as shown by gas chromatography, wax content, wax melting point, and asphaltene content. The effects of weathering at sea on crude oil were studied parameters unaffected by evaporation and exposure are the contents of vanadium, nickel, and n-paraffins. The scheme developed for the identification of certain weathered crude oils includes the determination of these constituents, together with the sulfur content of the sample. 

Hoffman, D.J. 1979. Embryotoxic effects of crude oil containing nickel and vanadium in mallards. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23 203-206. 

As the world s known crude oil reserves diminish, we are confronted with the prospect of treating progressively less desirable crude oils. These materials contain high levels (typically several percent) of organic sulfur and nitrogen, as well as organically complexed vanadium and nickel at the level of... 

Hodgson, G. W., 1954, Vanadium, Nickel and Iron Trace Metals in Crude Oils of Western Canada American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 38, pp. 2537-2554. 

It may be mentioned that starting with ash and soot from crude oil-fired stations, the resulting metals are the same, but the main leaching residue is carbon. This residue is initially burned and the ash is leached again to increase the total yield of vanadium. In the same operation, the concentration of iron is reduced by precipitation of jarosite. During leaching, the redox potential is controlled by SO2 addition to keep vanadium in its IV-valent state. 

Crude oil consists mainly of a mixture of paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons with small amounts of metals-containing heterocyclic compounds. The most abundant metals found in oils are those contained in porphyrin or porphyrin-like complexes (nickel, copper, iron, and vanadium). These... 

DFCr systems appear to have the necessary metals tolerance to process residual oils and the abundant, cheaper, but heavily vanadium-contaminated, Venezuelan and Mexican crudes (1-4). Therefore, the dual function fluid cracking catalyst (DFCC) concept could lead to the generation of important catalysts for U.S. refineries should Middle East politics cause another sudden escalation in crude oil prices and availability. The concept is... 

As work began on the process, it quickly became apparent that the extraordinary catalyst properties required for the process were not then available, and even with a superior catalyst, consumption would undoubtedly be severe. Figure 3 shows how Ramsbottom Carbon and nickel plus vanadium vary in the same reduced crude oils. All levels are very high far beyond anything normally encountered in a gas oil feedstock. 

Not only do nickel and vanadium levels rise significantly, but vanadium content may greatly exceed nickel. Because of the absence of vacuum distillation, sodium, iron, copper, and other potential poisons can also appear at very high levels. These may have been present in the crude oil or added by contamination from corrosion, additives, or accidental carryover from desalting. 

Crude oil is composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds. Organic and inorganic sulfur-, oxygen-, and nitrogen-containing species are also found in crude oil. Additionally, water, vanadium, nickel, sodium, and other metals may be present. 

The nitrogen-containing porphyrin ring species can be found in most asphaltic crude oils. The porphyrin ring usually holds a metal ion such as nickel or vanadium. These metals are known as powerful poisons for refining catalysts. 

Nickel and vanadium are the most abundant metals found in crude oil. Other metals, metalloids, and nonmetals including aluminum, arsenic, barium, calcium,... 

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