Critical Appraisal

Wilde, B. E., A Critical Appraisal of Some Popular Laboratory Electrochemical Tests for Predicting the Localised Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Alloys in Sea-water , Corrosion, 28, 283 (1972)... 

Davies, W.J., Schurr, U., Taylor, G. Zhang, J. (1987). Hormones as chemical signals involved in root to shoot communication of effects of changes in the soil environment. In Hormone Action in Plant Development - A Critical Appraisal, ed. G.U. Hoad, M.B. Jackson, J.R. Lenton and R. Atkin, pp. 201-6. London Butterworths. 

Matthiessen, P. and Gibbs, PE. (1998). Critical Appraisal of the Evidence for TBT-Mediated Endocrine Disruption in Molluscs—A concise review of effects of TBT on molluscs. Scheuhammer, A.M and Sandheimich, M.B (Eds.) (2008). Special issue of the journal Ecotoxicology devoted to effects of methyl mercury on wildlife, which gives recent results of field studies conducted in North America. 

Matthiessen, P. and Gibbs, P.E. (1998). Critical appraisal of the evidence for TBT-mediated endocrine disruption in molluscs. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17, 31-A3. 

Things are different when a scientist has to give a overview of the future trends of his discipline. Prediction is an art, more than a science, and also the more modest goal of a critical appraisal of the trends of evolution, and of selection of a set of themes for which progress is expected or hoped cannot be performed with the same instruments used in the everyday research. 

Reductions are also discussed under the section on analysis. The reduction on Hg has been extensively studied in connection with analytical applications (see Section VI), and is complicated by adsorption, transmetallation with mercury and reoxidations of transient products. Some disagreement as to the details is apparent in the primary literature76. Comparisons between different experimental settings should be made with critical appraisal. 

Vredenburg, K., Flett, G. L., Krames, L. (1993). Analogue versus clinical depression A critical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 327-344-... 

Skeffington, R. A. (1999). The Use of Critical Loads in Environmental Pohcy Making A Critical Appraisal. Environmental Policy Analysis, 55(11), 245A-252A. 

Critically appraise that evidence for its validity (closeness to the truth), impact (size of the effect), and applicability (usefulness)... 

Integrate the critical appraisal with your clinical expertise and with your patient s unique biology, values and circumstances... 

As described previously a central component in EBM is comparisons of interventions including step 2 (searching) and 3 (critically appraising) in Box 3.3. This can be very time-consuming. For help sources that have already undergone rigorous critical appraisal can be of very much help. Examples of this are found in Box 3.4. 

Systematic review—The first step is to identify and critically appraise or prepare systematic reviews of the best available evidence for all important outcomes... 

I.D. Wilson, The state of the art in thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry a critical appraisal, J. Chromatogr. A, 856 (1999) 429-442. 

Ehling, U.H., Chu, E.H.Y., DeCarli, L., Evans, H.J., Hayashi, M., Lambert, B., Neubert, D., Thilly, W.G. and Vainio, H. (1986). Report 8. Assays for germ-cell mutations in mammals. In Long-term and Short-term Assays for Carcinogens. (Montesano, R., Bartsch, H., Vainio, H., Wilboum, J. and Yamasaki, H., Eds.). A Critical Appraisal. IARC Scientific Publications, No. 83, Lyon, pp. 245-265. 

It is not the purpose of the present review to give a critical appraisal of the Kurz approach that can be found in the review by Kraut (1988). Rather, it is to show how this simple method can be used in the study of reactions influenced by cyclodextrins. Some examples involving catalysed... 

Unger K.K. Skudas R. Schulte M.M. Particle Packed Columns and Monolithic Columns in High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Comparison and Critical Appraisal. Journal of Chromatography A, 2008, 1184,393-415. 

Baldwin MK, Selby MA, Bloomberg H. 1981. Measurement of phenol in urine by the method of Van Haaften and Sie A critical appraisal. Analyst 106 763-767. 

Flollister LE, Page IFI, Pfeiffer CC, Visscher MB. (1968). The Kefauver-Flarris amendments of 1962 a critical appraisal of the first five years. J Clin Pharmacol J New Drugs. 8(2) 69-73. 

We are grateful to our authors for their critical appraisal of the expanding literature of these fields. We thank owners of copyright material for granting permission to reproduce extracts from their journals, and also the staff of our publishers for their continuing help and encouragement. 

Ratner, B. Biomedical applications of hydrogels Critical appraisal and review, in D. F. Williams, Ed. Biocompatibility of Clinical Implant Materials, pp. 145-153. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1981. 

Kaul PN, Joshi BS. (2001) Alternative medicine Herbal drugs and then-critical appraisal — part II. Prog Drug Res 57 1-75. 

Rolan P. The contribution of clinical pharmacology surrogates and models to drug development a critical appraisal. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997 44 219-25. 

The CHM would comprise approximately 10-12 core members, appointed by Ministers. Rather than restricting membership within the areas currently specified in the Medicines Act for the MC, the CHM would need members with high level scientific expertise and an abihty in critical appraisal, a capacity to contribute beyond individual speciality and, where possible, experience in the NHS clinical practice and the regulatory field. 

Lewis, C.W., Fuels from Biomass - Energy Outlay Versus Energy Returns A Critical Appraisal. Energy (1977) 2(3), 241-248. 

Blood dyscrasias Only administer sulfasalazine to patients with blood dyscrasias after critical appraisal. 

Renal/Hepatic function Impairment Only after critical appraisal should sulfasalazine be given to patients with hepatic or renal damage. 

Part IV of this article outlines a description of the processes involved in cleavage of a single metal-carbon bond, and puts forward a theory of the influences of electron count, and of configuration interaction, on metal-carbon bond stability. Finally, in Part V, I attempt a critical appraisal of the method adopted and the results obtained. 

The wide range of structural variation presented by meso-ionic heterocycles of type A and type B is such that some members have attracted the attention of medicinal chemists. Many different biological activities have been claimed, particularly in the patent literature. The authors of this review are not competent to provide a critical appraisal of the biological activities that have been attributed to meso-ionic compounds. These are therefore only briefly recorded in the following summary, and the original papers or patents should be consulted for details. 

There are a number of critical elements in an efficient university clinical pharmacology department. They include teaching, analytical and experimental laboratory work, clinical service, drug information and critical appraisal, advisory support for the professions, drug safety research and evaluation, and pharmacovigilance. 

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