Creating chart

Excel scales and formats each newly created chart automatically. It does a good job, but usually there is plenty of room for improvement. Excel provides a wide range of tools for modifying a chart. A few of these are discussed in this chapter, and further details are provided in Chapter 5, "Advanced Charting Techniques". 

This chapter shows several ways to plot multiple data series, and how to customize charts, create charts with multiple axes and link spreadsheet data to chart text. 

Today s spreadsheets offer many choices when it comes to creating charts. You can create column charts (or histograms), pie charts, line charts, or xy charts. As an et fneering student, and later as a practicing engineer, most of the charts that you will create wiU be of type charts. Therefore, next we will explain in detail how to create an oy chart... 

BP Statistical Review of World Energy www.bp.com/statisticalreview (accessed July 23,2010). London British Petroleum Co.. Published annually in print and available online. Coverage includes oil and natural gas, and includes statistics for reserves, production, consumption, prices, stocks, refining and trade movements. The online version offers downloads in different formats such as PDF, Excel , and PowerPoint , and includes an energy charting tool, which can create charts and graphs that in turn can be exported for further analysis. 

Each of the parametric equations that can be formed from an expression represents an axis on the chart. Each set of parametric equations must simultaneously agree with the equation they represent. In other words, on a line drawn through any two variables, a third variable can be found which satisfies the parametric equations. So an evaluation of the chart requites that values produced by each parametric equation be on the chart as a line. A determinant can be used to determine whether or not points are collinear. The parametric equations must be evaluated so they always produce values which he on a line. By replacing the x andjy points with parametric equations of scale for the chart, it is possible to create any diagram. This method can be used to determine the placement of the axes, because the parametric equations can be transformed into equations of scale. 

If three consecutive samples show a trend of being on either the high or the low side of the average, a fourth sample is run immediately. If this sample shows the same trend, a new calibration is performed and a new run chart is created. In this case the average is created using only 15 injections and the previous standard deviations are used to compute the new upper and lower control limits. 

To create a Gantt chart, list the steps required completing a project and estimating the time required for each step. Then list the steps down the left side of the chart and time intervals along the bottom. Draw a line across the chart for each step, starting at the planned beginning date and ending on the completion date of that step. 

As each project task is completed, record the actual time and actual cost. Calculate variances and carry the cumulative total forward. This technique can easily be put into a spreadsheet format on your personal computer. Some large projects may be able to create this format for a report that uses cost and schedule data that is routinely captured by the company s computerized accounting system. Figure 51.10 illustrates a typical project control chart. 

Figure 1. Flow chart of the Polymer Analysis program. The program Is entered from a larger program, NMRl. A database must be chosen or created for the spectrum at hand and a statistical model chosen. Options In the main menu Include calculation of probabilities associated with the model, simulation of spectra, and modification of the peak table or database.

Here is the SAS program that creates this vertical three-dimensional bar chart. 

CREATE BAR CHART. PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS IS ON THE Y AXIS, PAIN SCORE BY TREATMENT IS ON THE X AXIS. proc gchart... 

There are other means of creating bar charts in SAS. If you want a quick histogram, you can call PROC UNIVARIATE with the HISTOGRAM option. Also, PROC CAPABILITY with the HISTOGRAM statement may be used to create histograms. PROC UNIVARIATE is explained in detail in the SAS/STAT User s Guide, and PROC CAPABILITY is covered in the SAS/QC User s Guide. 

These elements have all been named for famous scientists or for the places of their creation. For example, americium, berkelium, and californium were named after obvious geographical locations. Nobelium was named for the Nobel Institute, although later study proved it was not really created there. Curium was named for Marie Curie, the discoverer of radium. Einsteinium was named for the famous physicist, Albert Einstein. Fermium and lawrencium were named for Enrico Fermi and Ernest O. Lawrence, who made important discoveries in the field of radioactivity. Mendelevium was named for the discoverer of the periodic chart. 

The position on the periodic chart under lead would be filled by an element of atomic number 114. No such element is yet known, but scientists theorize that this would be a very stable element if it could be found or created, and it might have some very important uses. This much-sought element is referred to as i eka-lead, using the naming system Mendeleyev used for undiscovered elements in the original periodic chart. 

Clay et al. (2006) proposed an alternative maintenance calculation approach. This approach was also based on the flow chart shown in Fig. 8.1. The derivation of this approach is as follows. As already defined, the kNHC and ksoc represent the first-order rate constants for the transfer of fresh NHC to SOC and SOC to C02, respectively. Based on the flow chart (Fig. 8.1), three equations were identified. The first two equations were described above. The third equation, NHCa = NHCm + (NHCa -NHCm), is the equality which is used to create the new SOC maintenance equation. The new equation,... 

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