Cradle-to-grave assessment

For the same example considered above, a proper FU could be for cradle-to-grave assessment 100% cotton knitted, solid dyed garment weighing 450 g, used for 1 year with washing thrice in a week in India and disposed in India. In addition, washing, drying conditions and the disposal scenarios can be explained further to make the FU complete. Here, with this FU, the importance of assessing reusability can be understood for the demonstration of an actual scenario of environmental impacts for the product under question. 

The LCA methodology is considered the most widespread technique for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with material products (Bovea and Vidal, 2004). LCA is a cradle-to-grave assessment of a product or service that analyses the impact... 

Tung Sava gi Life cycle (cradle-to grave) assessment shows that the use of plastics, including recycling, is less energy consumung than other materials. Let us rather pass this message. 

An environmental assessment for comparing lead-based vs. lead-free solders should be based on industrial ecology considerations. This involves a cradle to grave assessment of the material choice, energy use and environmental impact to air, water and soil. 

The key element of life-cycle design is Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is generally envisioned as a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with the cradle-to-grave life cycle of a produc t, process, or ac tivity. A produc t s life cycle can be roughly described in terms of the following stages ... 

All useful methods attempt to capture and describe all of the impacts during the entire life of the product or service from cradle to grave . This is the basis of the cluster of measurement tools known collectively as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). 

A life cycle assessment (LCA), also known as life cycle analysis, of a product or process begins with an inventory of the energy and environmental flows associated with a product from "cradle to grave" and provides information on the raw materials used from the environment, energy resources consumed, and air, water, and solid waste emissions generated. GHGs and other wastes, sinks, and emissions may then be assessed (Sheehan et ah, 1998). The net GHG emissions calculated from an LCA are usually reported per imit of product or as the carbon footprint. 

Abstract Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a useful tool to assess impacts of cradle-to-grave chains of products/services. In the Riskcycle framework, the focus is on additives. Additives are usually minor constituents of products, but depending on their specific properties they can be important in the total scope of impacts of such products. In the LCA literature, additives are hardly visible. Most case studies of products containing additives do not mention them. The reasons for this are unclear, but are at least partly due to the fact that information on additives is not included in standard LCA databases. This is true for both life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) databases. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude whether or not additives indeed are important contributors to environmental impacts over the life cycle. 

This study deals with life cycle assessment of emissions related to the use of additives in a plastic application. This means that environmental impacts are estimated for the total of emissions, not restricted to toxic effects and/or one substance (like DEHP). Furthermore emissions relate to the cradle-to-grave chain of the additive application in cushion vinyl floor covering. 

To define the value of biodegradable polymers, the overall system costs and the environmental impact of individual products in their respective target applications have to be considered. To this end, comprehensive life-cycle assessments (EGAs) are an appropriate tool, especially when accompanied by costs evaluations that cover all phases from cradle to grave. 

Analysis of the solid and liquid process waste streams clearly indicates that the MCC process offers environmental benefits compared with the chemical resolution procedure. To generate data for the cradle-to-grave emissions and impacts, a streamlined life cycle assessment of all of the processes was performed using the Fast Lifecycle Assessment for Synthetic Chemistry, FLASC . 

Do current approaches to assess and control chemicals consider cradle to grave options ... 

The harmonisation of procedures for cradle-to-grave risk assessment of chemicals and control using the most appropriate legislation, and alternative approaches and options other than legislative means of control. 

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