Country, obligation

Review of implementation of POPs Convention in China Key objectives, country obligations (YUE Ruisheng, China)... 

The trade associations that are members of lATF perform an assurance function and have set up a panel to administer certification activities in their country. This involves witness audits of certification bodies to verify that they are adhering to the lATF agreement. They will monitor the scheme on behalf of the vehicle manufacturers in ensuring that certificates are only awarded to organizations that are 100% compliant with the requirements. These activities should provide added confidence that the certification bodies are fulfilling their obligations. 

The EP is published under the direction of the Council of Europe and is available in English and French. It is the result of obligations undertaken in a convention set up under the auspices of the Council of Europe and signed by 19 countries. The EP has two important aspects, the unification of national pharmacopoeia and the unification of methods of quality control of medicines. 

Developing countries like India are listed under Kyoto as Annex II countries, and they are not obliged to make any cuts in greenhouse emissions reduction yet. But as they raise living standards their emissions will obviously increase India s have risen by more than 52% since 1990. Under Kyoto, they will have to accept reduction targets in a few years from now. The protocol s architects say it is fair to allow them a grace period, because the problem has been caused by the industrialised countries. But India, with more than 1 bn people, will soon be a major polluter. 

Obligations of the countries ensuing from the convention for the prohibition of chemical weapons do not reduce the actuality of the protection. Terrorist acts during last decades with use of chemical and biological weapons enforce not only elaboration of new more efficient protection means, but permanent development and improvement of methods and means for consequence management. 

If a substance is not listed in EINECS and not included in the scope of the DSD, it is considered to be new and a prospective EU supplier has to notify it, unless an exemption applies, as discussed below. It is also possible that the substance has already been notified and there is an obligation to make a data-sharing enquiry (DSE) to find out it there is another notification already in place. The aim of the exercise is to reach an agreement to share the notification studies, in the interests of animal welfare. Some countries make data sharing mandatory for animal studies. 

Refer to Exhibit 3.2. The pros are that both parties—the prospectors and the source country—understand the obligations, whereas the cons are the negotiations may be protracted and delay prospecting activities that could yield benehcial compounds. 

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was formed to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintainmg financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as Non-Member countries in the process of economic development and to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations (OECD 1960). 

In the search for new dmgs, most pharmaceutical companies have abandoned the natural product. Switzerland is a case in point out of twenty start-up and spin-off pharmaceutical companies, seven make use of parallel and combinatorial synthesis, which is much less expensive than the search for bioactive natural products and is free from obligations toward the countries holding the rights for the germ plasm. Only one of the new Swiss conq)anies relies on natural products, merely raw extracts for veterinary use (L EppIatenier 2000). 

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