Chromatography counter-current

Vulpinic acid has been separated from an extract of Letharia vulpina by droplet counter-current chromatography using methanol acetone n-heptane 4 1 5 (V/V/V) (775). 

---

Ito, Y., Efficient preparative counter-current chromatography with a coil planet centrifuge, J. Chromatogn, 214, 122, 1981. 

Kohler, N. and Winterhalter, R, Large-scale isolation of tlavan-3-ol fluoroglucinol adducts by high-speed counter-current chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 1072, 217, 2005. 

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been by far the most important method for separating chlorophylls. Open column chromatography and thin layer chromatography are still used for clean-up procedures to isolate and separate carotenoids and other lipids from chlorophylls and for preparative applications, but both are losing importance for analytical purposes due to their low resolution and have been replaced by more effective techniques like solid phase, supercritical fluid extraction and counter current chromatography. The whole analysis should be as brief as possible, since each additional step is a potential source of epimers and allomers. 

Wei, Y. et ah. Application of analytical and preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for separation of lycopene from crude extract of tomato paste, J. Chromatogr. A, 929, 169, 2001. 

Degenhardt, A., Knapp, H., and Winterhalter, P., Rapid isolation of malvidin 3-glucoside from red wine by high speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC), Vitis, 39, 43, 2000. 

Counter-current chromatography using two immiscible liquid phases rather than a conventional solid phase ligand support allows chromatographic quality separations to be... 

At present, it has only been possible to isolate and identify high concentrations of one compound, isorhamnetin, from pollen of Phleum pretense using high-speed counter-current chromatography. This does not reflect the lack of proper technology, but rather the preparation, time and expense of isolating cryptic and perhaps ephemeral compounds via techniques involving more sophisticated HPLC and mass spectrometry. Consistent with the author s earlier hypothesis that an isorhamnetin class... 

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most frequently consumed beverages in the world and, consequently, an important agricultural product [168], It has been proved many times that tea may reduce cholesterol level, hypertension, and shows antioxidant and anti-microbial effects [169], Because of its importance, a considerable number of analytical methods have been developed for the separation and quantitative determination of the constituents of tea [170,171]. Thus, the application of high-speed counter-current chromatography [172,173], and HPLC-APCI-MS [174] have been reported. 

Y. Shibusawa, T. Fujiwara, H. Shindo and Y. Ito, Purification of alcohol dehydrogenase from bovine liver crude extract by dye-ligand affinity counter current chromatography. J. Chromatogr.B, 799 (2004) 239-244. 

A. Weisz, E. P. Mazzola, J.E. Matusik and Y. Ito, Preparative separation of isomeric 2-(2-quinolinyl)-lH-indene-l,3(2H)-dione monosulfonic acids (6SA and 8SA) of the color additive D C Yellow No. 10 (Quinoline Yellow) by pH-zone refining counter-current chromatography./. Chromatogr.A, 923 (2001) 87-96. 

H. Oka, M. Suzuki, K.-I. Harada, M. Iwaya, K. Fuii, T. Goto, Y. Ito, H. Matsumoto andY. Ito, Purification of Food Color Red No. 106 (acid red) using pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr.A, 946 (2002) 157-162. 

Kolodziej H (1985) Fractionation of condensed tannins by counter current chromatography. 1 Chromatogr 318 85-93... 

Kohler N, Wray V, Winterhalter P (2008) Preparative isolation of procyanidins from grape seed extracts by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1177 114-125... 

Smith, B. G., and P. V. Desmond. Acute hepatitis induced by ingestion of the herbal medication Chaparral. Aust N Z J Med 1993 23(5) 526. Gnabre, J. N., Y. Ito, Y. Ma, and R. C. Huang. Isolation of anti-HIV-1 lignans from Larrea tridentata by counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A... 

Schaufelberger, D.E., Applications of analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography in natural products chemistry, J. Chromatogr., 538, 45, 1991. 

Degenhardt, A. et al.. Preparative separation of polyphenols from tea by high-speed counter-current chromatography, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 3425, 2000. 

Protoplumericin and plumieride can be extracted from the methanol extract of Allamanda neriifolina stems [117] by droplet counter-current chromatography. Crude extract, obtained from 1.6 kg of plant material, was successively partitioned with benzene, chloro-... 

In order to obtain sufficient quantities of these phytoecdysones for more detailed biological studies, droplet counter-current chromatography (DCCC) was adapted . DCCC Is an especially efficient method for the preparative separation of polar compounds like the phytoecdysones. Thus with DCCC, while requiring only small volumes of solvent, more than 50 mg of each of the Ajuga phytoecdysones were rapidly and nondestructlvely separated and fully recovered (Fig. 6) from each 500 mg Injection. 

---